Psychological Disciplines

Control bias in psychology refers to the influence of a third variable that was not accounted for in a research study, leading to a misinterpretation of results. This bias can occur when an uncontrolled variable affects both the independent and dependent variables, creating a false perception of causality. Researchers must take measures to control for possible biases to ensure the validity and reliability of their findings.

Some successful proponents of psychology include Sigmund Freud, known for his work on psychoanalytic theory; B.F. Skinner, who developed behaviorism; Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychology; and Jean Piaget, who revolutionized the field of developmental psychology. These psychologists made significant contributions to understanding human behavior and mental processes.

Some of the major contributors to psychology include Sigmund Freud, known for his work on psychoanalysis; B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of behaviorism; and Carl Rogers, who was influential in the development of humanistic psychology. Each of these psychologists made significant contributions to the field through their theories and research on human behavior and mental processes.

Some recurring themes in the history of psychology include the nature versus nurture debate, the exploration of consciousness and unconscious processes, the study of behavior and mental processes, and the development of different theoretical perspectives such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology.

Alternatively: 'What is the idiographic approach to psychology?'

In 1937 Gordon Allport (1897-1967), the famous American psychologist, conceived two approaches to psychology: an idiographic approach and a nomothetic approach. He did not create the terms 'idiographic' (from two ancient Greek roots which mean 'own writing') and 'nomothetic' (from an ancient Greek root which mean 'lawmaking'). Instead Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915), a German philosopher, created them, in 1894. He created them about the aims of, respectively, the humanities (which include, among other disciplines, history) and science (which includes, among other sciences, physics).

The idiographic approach to psychology perceives people as being describable in terms of unique sets of characteristics. Psychologists who practice counseling psychology endorse this approach. Conversely the nomothetic approach to psychology perceives people as being describable in terms of universal laws. Psychologists who subscribe to behaviorism endorse this approach.

Abnormal psychology in Pakistan focuses on the study and treatment of mental health disorders, including identifying abnormal behavior patterns, diagnosing mental illnesses, and providing therapy and support to individuals experiencing psychological distress. It also involves research into cultural factors that influence the manifestation and treatment of mental health issues in the Pakistani population.

Punishment positively affects the wrongdoer's future behavior, or at the very least, the fear of punishment will prevent others from doing the same. Stace states that punishment is based on the idea that a person's behavior is determined by a cause.

Without causes for a person's actions, anything done in response to their unacceptable behavior, be it reward or punishment, is futile. Futility results in the realization that nothing can influence their behavior, and consequently moral responsibility disappears. To be held accountable is to be justly punished or rewarded, if punishment is appropriate, so is responsibility.

So basically, it all boils down to moral responsibility.

The stroop effect experiment is most used in cognitive psychology, where experimenters measure the reaction time of participants completing specific tasks, such as identifying colors or change of objects in a scene.

Token economics in the field of psychology refers to a system where individuals are rewarded with tokens for desirable behaviors or achievements, which can then be exchanged for rewards or privileges. This system is often used in behavior modification programs to reinforce positive behavior and encourage desired outcomes.

The length of time it takes to study psychology can vary depending on the level of education you pursue. A bachelor's degree typically takes about 4 years, a master's degree can take an additional 2-3 years, and a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) can take 5-7 years or more. Continuing education and professional development are also important aspects of a career in psychology.

The evolutionary school of psychology focuses on understanding human behavior and cognition through the lens of evolution. It suggests that many human behaviors and traits have evolved because they were advantageous for survival and reproduction in our ancestors. This approach emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping psychological processes.

Because it stopped behaviorism from ruling every aspect in the psychology domain. Behavioralism rejects study of mentalistic processes--yes, that's right, thinking. It was important in its day, but for many years it was preventing any progress being made in psychology because no one could study thought process really. Then cognitive psychology came around and showed that there are scientific ways to study mental thought processes, and greatly improved our knowledge of the human mind right from the beginning. So thank heaven for cognitive psychology.

The basis of all perspectives in psychology is that all living things that have difficulty existing within, relating to, or feeling comfortable within their social group can be assisted by some form of a cognitive/behavioral program designed to slowly assist that human or animal by readjusting their maladaptive behavior to be more personally and socially acceptable. In modern psychology, often medication is useful and improves the acceptance and adjustment the cognitive/behavioral program applies.

Factors affecting fire development include the availability of fuel, oxygen, and heat. The type and amount of fuel present, ventilation, and external heat sources can all impact the rate at which a fire spreads and grows. Additionally, environmental conditions such as wind speed and humidity can influence fire behavior.

The counselor provided Lance with information on confidentiality to explain how his personal information would be handled. The counselor also discussed the anticipated duration of counseling, where he was trained, and his area of expertise to provide context and build trust in the counseling process.

Pseudo Psychology is the practices which are given resemblance to psychology but in real sense of the word it is not true.It can also be referred to as false psychology. Examples are phrenology,graphology and palmistry.

Psychology was known as philosophy or mental philosophy before it became an independent scientific discipline. Early philosophers like Aristotle and Plato discussed topics related to human behavior and the mind that laid the foundation for psychology as a separate field of study.

It is man's curiosity to know about themselves. People are more likely to watch very scary movies in times of war and natural disaster, and control seems to be a factor. We cannot control a war or natural disaster as individuals, but we can choose to watch something that scares us out of our mind or to turn it off or leave when it gets to be too much.

In making movies, movie makers use psychology to keep us captivated, strike up certain emotions in us, or put us into a trance. While subliminal frames can be inserted, they are more likely to persuade or hypnotize in other ways. A lot is just Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP). That involves saying certain things and moving in certain ways to get agreement or cooperation in others.

Music is another thing that is used to set the emotional mood. Music can make you feel tense, uneasy, excited, etc. You can understand a lot of what is happening in a television show just be listening. For instance, on shows that involve forensic science, they usually use the same type of music each time the characters are busy in the lab. In older programs, it was a droning sound, but now they use a more up-tempo beat to try to help you stay interested. In the late 80's, they tried to use sex appeal as a distraction on medical shows since they assumed everyone would think the show was too "nerdy" without it. Now, they use music to captivate. Music also serves as cues as to what is about to happen. In a horror movie, the music might be off-key or frantically repetitive right before the monster attacks.

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral principles and values that guide human behavior, focusing on what is right or wrong. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, exploring cognitive processes, emotional responses, and social interactions. While ethics deals with the moral aspects of human conduct, psychology examines the underlying psychological mechanisms that influence behavior.

Research psychology mainly works to find out the reasons about a certain behavior whereas applied psychology works to solve a problem or disorder may be by using the facts obtained from the research psychology. An example of research psychology will be chemicals of brain involved in memory and an example of applied psychology will be reduction of depression or use of therapy to treat certain kind of diseases.

I'm not 100% positive, but this is a question on my exam. The choices are

A) a chart listing the basic chemical elements

B) a list of courses required for graduation

C) a list of the types of clothes sold at a retail store

D) a computer program for word processing a term paper.

I'm thinking that it is D. Wundt started the whole, 'describe how this pencil makes you feel', thing. And Titchener just added his study on with colors for example. Kind of like a word processor. If I'm way off, at least you have some options now. :)

Some of the pioneering Filipino psychologists in the field include Virgilio Enriquez, who is known for his work in developing Filipino psychology and establishing Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Another pioneer is Lourdes Arguelles, who contributed to the fields of social and community psychology in the Philippines.

Schools of Thougts

Structuralism

Functionalism

Behaviourism

Psychoanalysis

Gestalt

Humanism

Proponents

Main Idea

Method Used

Contribution to the field of Psychology

Branches of psychology include clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology. Related fields include psychiatry, counseling, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Each branch and related field focuses on different aspects of human behavior, cognition, and mental health.

Minulation is not a recognized term in psychology. In psychology, various aspects are measured, such as behavior, thoughts, emotions, personality traits, intelligence, and mental health. These measurements help psychologists better understand and predict human behavior.