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Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of the structure and behavior of atoms and molecules. It is primarily based on Max Planck's Quantum theory, which incorporates Heisenberg's uncertainly principle and the de Broglie wavelength to establish the wave-particle duality on which Schrodinger's equation is based.
916 Questions
Write the calculation of second excited state of Simple harmonic oscillator by variational method?
For help with solving quantum mechanics homework problems Google "physics forums". Providing an answer to this question will yield no value to the community and the answer so long that I would have spend a too long writing it. To help you get started; use the corresponding normalized |psi> (Dirac notation), build the Hamiltonian for the SHO then find the expectation value of the Hamiltonian.
Constants are used in programming to store values that remain unchanged throughout the execution of the program. Constants help improve code readability, make maintenance easier, and prevent accidental changes to these values. It also allows developers to reuse these fixed values across different parts of the program.
A quantum state with zero spin?
The theoretical Higgs boson would have zero spin.
The neutral and charged pions also have zero spin.
Two entangled particles, each with spin opposite to each other, would be a quantum state with zero net spin.
Atoms may also have zero spin, if they are in what is known as S-states (e.g. the ground state of hydrogen).
More generally confirmation by separate experiments in always necessary in a scientific study. This means that results are reproducible. If I said that I could do something and no one could confirm it, how do you know I am telling the truth. Also, with respect to electron waves, this was important because it confirmed the wave-particle duality of the electron.
What are some molecules that absorb short wavelength light in the atmosphere?
actually the water molecules have the tendency to absorb the EMW waves of a certain frequency normally called to be infrared rays of a wave length below micro waves
this the reason for occurrence of green house effect in earth greater this effect leads to global warming
How do you use quantum electrodynamics today?
Quantum electrodynamics is used today primarily in theoretical physics research to study the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and charged particles at the quantum level. It provides a framework for understanding phenomena such as particle decay rates, scattering processes, and the behavior of electromagnetic fields in extreme conditions. Quantum electrodynamics also plays a role in the development of technologies such as quantum computing and quantum communication.
What is the reverse process of photoelectric effect?
reverse process of photo electric effect is done by the supply of electrons or heat to the metal that radiate certain radiation. among them the metals which emit visible radiation are normally used in house hold appliances
What events lead up to the discovery of quantum theory?
The history of quantum mechanics began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck. Planck's hypothesis stated that any energy is radiated and absorbed in quantities divisible by discrete "energy elements", such that each energy element E is proportional to its frequency ν. Planck insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the radiation itself. However, at that time, this appeared not to explain the photoelectric effect (1839), i.e. that shining light on certain materials can eject electrons from the material. In 1905, basing his work on Planck's quantum hypothesis, Albert Einstein postulated that light itself consists of individual quanta.
Cited from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics
Can a particle affect another at a great distance?
It is possible for one particle to affect another at a great distance, but as a matter of practicle application, the force (or forces) acting between them probably won't have much of an effect. Let's look at a couple of examples.
If two particles are examined, we'll note that each has some gravity associated with it. Gravity will allow the two particles to "pull" on one another. But at a distance, this force will be extremely small. It will not be zero, but it may have little effect. If the two particles are neutrons that are out in deep space, someone who applies some thought and uses a good calculator can demonstrate that the two neutrons attract each other. Even over a distance of miles, the force acting between them will be a non-zero one. They pull on each other. But if the particles have any inertia at all, which is to say that if they are moving relative to each other, only if they are moving ateach other will they have a chance of "meeting" at some point. Should they be moving "away" from each other, gravity acting between them won't stand a chance of allowing them to "hook up" at some point.
If we consider a pair of particles that have an associated electrostatic charge, these particles will have gravity (proportionate to mass), but will also possess an electric field about them. This field will cause particles with a like charge to be pushed away, and will cause those with an opposite charge to be attracted. Additionally, the force will (like gravity) be proportional to the inverse square of the distance over which it is operating. Though the charged particles have an associated gravimetric field about them (as all things that have mass do), we will find that gravity is a "small" force when compared with the electrostatic forces at work. Again, if a pair of charged particles is in deep space, each will "know" the other is there. And each will act on the other in either an attracting or repulsing way. But we again note that if the distance between the particles is extremely great compared to the force acting between them.
If the particles we are examining have the same charge, the particles will push on each other. If the charges are opposite, the particles will attract each other. But we again encounter the idea that if the particles are not actually moving toward each other to begin with, oppositely charged particles will have almost no chance of "meeting" each other. And if the charges are alike, the particles will continue to move apart with little change because of the affects of the charge of the other particle. Again we can calculate the force(s) acting between the particles, and we'll see that they are not zero. But they will be miniscule at best, and will not really affect the two particles greatly. If we consider the effect between two particles miles apart in a place like earth, there are almost countless atoms in between the two particles, and each particle will be "reacting" to what is happening in his own "neighborhood" and will not be affected by the "cross town" goings on.
What is the Difference between plane of polarization and plane of vibration?
A plane including the direction of light propagation and the direction of electric field is called the "plane of vibration". The "plane of polarization" is a confinement of the electric/magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation.
The charge of an electron is always −1.602176487(40)×10−19 Coulomb. If an electron is ejected from it's orbital the energy it absorbs is in the form of kinetic energy i.e. how fast it moves. If the electron goes back into an orbital it will only be allowed in an orbital that allows for it's energy. If an atom has an electron and that electron absorbs the energy from an incoming photon it may jump up to a higher orbital or it may be ejected. The ejected electron is the principle of the photo-electric effect.
Name the founders of the quantum theory?
There are many founders of the quantum theory. Max Planck, a German scientist is generally considered to be its founding father but there are many other scientists who contributed to it. Although Gustav Kirchhoff identified the problem of black body radiation in 1859, Max Planck's quantum hypothesis in 1900 is generally considered the point where quantum physics as we know it was ''invented''. Since 1900 many scientists have added to it, some of the most notable being Albert Einstein who more fully described the photoelectric effect and who discovered photons, and Richard Feynman, the creator of famous Feynman diagrams which show interactions of particles as a graph where the
x-axis is space and the y-axis is time. Other important contributors include Paul Dirac, a famous mathematician, Erwin Schrӧdinger whose Schrӧdinger's cat theoretical experiment showed that the in the experiment cat can be both dead and alive at the same time, Niels Bohr, famous for his atomic model, Wolfgang Pauli, put together the Pauli Exclusion Principle, John von Neumann, the pioneer of the operator theory, Max Born, known for his Born's rule, Daniel Hilbert who put together what's known as Hilbert Space and many others.
Who called packet of energies as photon?
Albert Einstein coined the term "photon" in 1926 to describe a discrete packet of light energy. This concept helped explain the photoelectric effect and laid the foundation for the quantum theory of light.
How does quantum uncertainty differ from the uncertainty involved in a coin flip?
completely: coin is simple probability, quantum uncertainty is based on how increasing accuracy of measurement of one property of a tiny particle reduces the accuracy of measurement of another complementary property of the same particle. No probability there, just measurement limitations.
In linear systems, the superposition principle states that a defined function has similar properties in different settings. As an example, if f(A) produces result X, and f(B) results in Y, then f(A+B) equals X+Y.
In what portion of the electromagnetic spectrum does the sun emit most energy?
The sun's radiation comes as 45 percent visible light. 40 percent infared, and the remainder as Ultraviolet.
This is why the Sun is damaging to our eyes as well as skin while giving us the light we need.
How much energy does it take a spaceship to travel at constant speed 90 percent of light speed?
The energy required for a spaceship to travel at 90 percent of the speed of light would be substantial due to the relativistic increase in kinetic energy as speed approaches the speed of light. The energy required can be calculated using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc^2. The exact amount of energy would depend on the mass of the spaceship and would be calculated as the difference in energy between its rest mass and its kinetic energy at that speed.
How is quantum tunneling important to existence here on earth?
Quantum tunneling is important for various processes on Earth, such as nuclear fusion in stars, radioactive decay, and chemical reactions. It allows particles to pass through energy barriers that would be impossible based on classical mechanics, enabling these essential processes to occur. Without quantum tunneling, Earth and life as we know it would be significantly different.
What is a simple definition of Einstein's quantum theory of light?
Einstein's quantum theory of light, proposed in 1905, describes light as consisting of particles called photons that carry energy and momentum. It explains various phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, where light can eject electrons from a material, and the quantization of light energy into discrete packets.
What is represents quantum number ml equals -1?
The quantum number ml = -1 represents the orientation of an electron's orbital in space. It indicates that the orbital is aligned along the y-axis in a three-dimensional coordinate system. This quantum number specifies the specific orientation of the orbital subshell within a given energy level.
Quantum decoherence (also known as dephasing) is the mechanism by which quantum systems interact with their environments to exhibit probabilistically additive behavior. Decoherence can be viewed as the loss of information from a system into the environment.
Mutual annihilation is the term we usually apply in physics to the combining of a particle and its antiparticle. Under the circumstances, the particles are completely converted into energy. That is, their entire mass is converted into electromagnetic energy. Let's look a bit more closely.
What we usually encounter is mutual annihilation events in the form of positrons interacting with electrons. The positron is the anti-particle of the electron, and shortly after the creation of the positron (either in beta plus nuclear decay or pair production), the positron will "combine" with an electron, and both particles will be completely converted into energy. This energy appears in the form of two energetic gamma rays going in opposite directions. Each gamma ray has an energy of about 0.511 MeV, or more, depending on the kinetic energy of the positron and electron that interact to release them. Links can be found below for more information.
Do the laws of motion apply to the speed of light and movement in atoms?
In fact, the laws of motion do apply; you just have to be careful which set of laws you use. Newtonian laws of motion do not apply to light or to the movement of atoms, but relativity theory applies to light, and quantum mechanics applies to movements at the atomic and sub-atomic levels.
Max Planck's constant, denoted by the symbol h, is a fundamental physical constant used in quantum mechanics to relate the energy of a photon to its frequency. It has a value of approximately 6.63 x 10^-34 Joule seconds.
