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Vaccinations
A vaccine is the preparation of dead microorganisms, living weakened microorganisms or inactivated toxins. Its administration induces the development of immunity and protection against a pathogen or toxin and is called a vaccination.
1,376 Questions
What are the uses of vaccines?
a preparation of direct manipulation of genes of weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection.
MMR is usually given subcutaneously.
Live attenuated parenteral vaccines such as MMR are recommended by the manufacturers to be administered via the subcutaneous route. However, the efficacy of this vaccine is probably not adversely affected by the intramuscular rather than subcutaneous route. In addition, it is unnecessary to repeat doses of vaccine administered by the intramuscular route rather than by the subcutaneous route.
yes
Does the flu shot prevent really bad colds?
No, the virus that causes a common cold is different than the virus that causes influenza. However, for some people, the symptoms for some types of flu are very similar to the symptoms of a really bad cold, but the vaccine just doesn't work to provide immunity for colds. There currenlty is no vaccine for colds.
What is attenuated flu vaccine?
Attenuated simply means "weakened". An attenuated flu vaccine refers to vaccines made with live viruses (so you get a good immune response), but they have been weakened chemically so that they are unable to give you the flu.
There are two types of flu vaccines available in the US. What is called inactivated, inactive or "dead" vaccine and what is called "live", weakened/attenuated vaccine. The injectable vaccines (intradermal and intramuscular) are made with "dead" viruses and the nasal spray is made with "live" attenuated viruses.
What describes how a vaccine works?
The contents of vaccines vary, but it usually contains a disease (dead or alive: in weakened or harmless state).
Why measles vaccination is done after 9 months of age?
When measles vaccine is given too early, maternal antibodies that the baby got before birth interfere with the body's ability to develop an immune response to the vaccine. This blunting from maternal antibodies doesn't affect all vaccines, but hampers response to the MMR and varicella vaccines, so these are given after twelve months (not 9 months).
Different vaccines have different risks. No medication is 100% without risk, and vaccines are included in that. However, there is always ongoing vaccination monitoring for problems and they would be removed from the market if there were proven adverse effects in more than a fraction of people vaccinated. The FDA has approved for use any that are used in the US and they evaluate all trials and studies for safety and effectiveness before approval. If vaccinations are recommended by your physician, who has already weighed the benefits vs the risks before recommending them, the vaccines are going to be safer than the disease will be if you get it because you did not get the vaccine.
For the flu vaccines in particular:
There is discussion of concerns about flu vaccinations online at various sources. One of those concerns is about traces of mercury that are in flu vaccines from the preservative used in the vaccines called thimerosal.
There is no scientific data to support the concerns that some have voiced about the preservative thimerosal. There is no direct cause and effect data from scientific studies that link autism or other health problems to the thimerosal. The minuscule amount of mercury in the preservative's compound ingredients is no more than would be obtained through a meal of fish.
However, there are some manufacturers who have developed single doses of flu vaccine that will not contain the thimerosal, which may be available to those who have this concern. The larger 10cc vials will have to have the preservative added, but single dose vials and single dose pre-loaded syringes may be an option for some. Discuss this with your health care professional in advance of presenting for the vaccination if you have these concerns.
How late can you get a flu shot this season?
Usually if you haven't had one by February in the Northern Hemisphere, there is no point, since the time it takes for the shot to work to protect you will likely take you beyond the most active parts of flu season (typically October to March).
It will not hurt to have one later than that, it will still protect you from the flu that the vaccines in the shot are made for if that flu comes around again in another season. Ask the pharmacist how long they will have vaccine available for the 2010-2011 season. (Walgreen's is cheaper than most places in the US these days at under $20 ~ no affiliation, just a helpful tip.)
If you vaccine for hepatitis B twice and did not do the third one will you have to vaccinate again?
The Twinrix vaccine is typically given in 3 doses. This is normal.
How many vaccinations should a child receive by the age of six months?
The typical US vaccination schedule during the first six months includes hepatitis B, rotavirus, DTAP, HIB, pneumonia, and polio. The baby should also get influenza immunization if in season. Talk with your health care provider for advice specific to your baby's situation.
Does Humana pay for flu vaccine?
A health insurance policy from Humana may cover flu shots, but it depends on the specific plan of coverage that you have and whether it includes a preventive medicine component. The only way to know for sure is to contact your insurance customer service representative and ask about your specific plan's benefits.
Most plans do cover some portion of immunizations and the Humana plans for Medicare beneficiaries do cover flu vaccinations.
In addition, some plans will cover the cost of the vaccine but may pay none or only some portion of the costs for the administration of the vaccination (the charges a provider may add to cover the costs of the equipment, like syringes, and the costs of the time the clinician uses to give the flu shot or other form of flu vaccination). There may also be co-payments involved for you to pay even if it is a covered service.
Who invented the H1N1 flu vaccine?
The pandemic H1N1/09 virus was not discovered by one doctor, but was isolated and studied by a team of CDC scientists and WHO scientists along with the Mexican health authorities as a joint effort.
Yes there are and here are the details:
A live vaccine for VZV exists, marketed as Zostavax. In a 2005 study of 38,000 older adults it prevented half the cases of herpes zoster and reduced the number of cases of postherpetic neuralgia by two-thirds. A 2007 study found that the zoster vaccine is likely to be cost-effective in the U.S., projecting an annual savings of $82 to $103 million in healthcare costs with cost-effectiveness ratios ranging from $16,229 to $27,609 per quality-adjusted life year gained. In October 2007 the vaccine was officially recommended in the U.S. for healthy adults aged 60 and over. As of October 2008, a controlled study is underway to evaluate the effectiveness on those aged 50-59. Adults also receive an immune boost from contact with children infected with varicella, a boosting method that prevents about a quarter of herpes zoster cases among unvaccinated adults, but which is becoming less common in the U.S. now that children are routinely vaccinated against varicella.
In the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, population-based immunization is not practised. The rationale is that, until the entire population could be immunized, adults who have previously contracted VZV would derive benefit from occasional exposure to VZV (from children), which serves as a booster to their immunity to the virus, and may reduce the risk of shingles later on in life. The UK Health Protection Agency states that, while the vaccine is licensed in the UK, there are no plans to introduce it into the routine childhood immunization scheme, although it may be offered to healthcare workers who have no immunity to VZV.
A 2006 study of 243 cases and 483 matched controls found that fresh fruit is associated with a reduced risk of developing shingles: people who consumed less than one serving of fruit a day had a risk three times as great as those who consumed more than three servings, after adjusting for other factors such as total energy intake. For those aged 60 or more, vitamins and vegetable intake had a similar association.
Answered By: Ali Sabah Al-Takmachi, University of Sharjah, College of Medicine
Reference: Herpes zoster. (2009, October 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:24, October 30, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herpes_zoster&oldid=321644228
How was the first vaccine created?
It was on May 14, 196, that Edward Jenner from Berkely, Gloucestershire, England first atempt to create a vaccine. He extracted the contents of a pustule fro the arm of a cowpox infected milkmaid, Sarah Nelmen, and injected it into the arm of eight-year-old James Phipps. As Jenner expected, immunization or vaccination with the cowpox virus caused only mild symptoms in the boy. When he subsequently inoculated the boy with smalllpox virus, the boy showed no symtomps of disease. The procedure is repeated to many paptients. By 1800 the practice is known as variolationhad began in America and by 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte had oredered all French solders to be vaccinated.
What is the full form of TAB vaccine?
The full form for the TABC vaccine is typhoid A, Typhoid B, and cholera. This might be given to someone traveling to an area with serious sanitation issues.
Why can't a flu shot be given sub q?
Most of the flu vaccines for injection are designed to be given in the muscle tissue. If your injection was given with the wrong length needle and it ended up in the subcutaneous tissue instead of the muscle, it may still provide some immunity. Check with the clinician who gave you the shot, or with your doctor or pharmacist to find out if you will need another vaccination to be fully protected.
There is a new form of flu vaccine that is made to be injected intradermally (within the layers of the skin). It comes with its own micro-injection system that should assure the injection is in the correct tissue. This would be a type that would likely work better than the IM formulation if given subcutaneously, but the vaccines are not intended to be given by that route.
Do you have to get a flu shot?
The outer coating of the flu virus continually changes its shape. The flu vaccine uses a weak form of the virus with a similar shape to the most common types of flu. By the next year, a new type of flu is circulating. If you get a vaccine, it will be for a virus with a different shape. You will have the option of getting a vaccine for the new type of flu.
Does chickenpox vaccine cure chickenpox?
Chickenpox can be prevented . The easiest way to prevent catching chicken pox is to get vaccinated. However, vaccination is only successful in 70% to 90% of all vaccinations. Individuals who have been vaccinated but still acquire chickenpox, usually have a milder disease that heals more quickly than non vaccinated individuals.
Should adults be re-vaccinated for MMR?
MMR is a two-shot series of vaccines usually given during childhood. A child should receive the first shot when he is between 12-15 months, and the second when he's between 4-6 years of age. If you're not sure if you have had the diseases or the vaccines (prior to 1971 it was given in three separate shots), you can get the MMR as an adult.
Is there sulfa in a flu vaccine?
There are traces in some types of flu vaccines in the form of sulfonamides, such as neosporin, gentamicin, and polymixin. If you are allergic to these, you should not take the vaccines that contain these ingredients.
Two of the vaccines are available without these drugs: Fluzone and Flulaval. Ask your physician if these would be safe for you to use.
The ingredients of each type of flu vaccine currently available in the US for the 2012 - 2013 flu season are:
Flulaval:
Thimerosal, α-tocopheryl hydrogen succinate, polysorbate 80, formaldehyde, sodium deoxycholate, ovalbumin
Fluzone: Standard, High-Dose, & Intradermal:
Formaldehyde, octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton X-100), sodium phosphate, gelatin (standard formulation only), thimerosal (multi-dose vial only) , egg protein
Afluria:
Beta-propiolactone, thimerosol (multi-dose vials only), monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium taurodeoxycholate, neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B, egg protein
Fluarix:
Sodium deoxycholate, formaldehyde, octoxynol-10 (Triton X-100), α-tocopheryl hydrogen succinate, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), hydrocortisone, gentamicin sulfate, ovalbumin
Fluvirin:
Nonylphenol ethoxylate, thimerosal (multidose vial-trace only in prefilled syringe), polymyxin, neomycin, beta-propiolactone, egg protein
FluMist and FluMist Quadrivalent:
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), monosodium glutamate, hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, arginine, sucrose, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, gentamicin sulfate, egg protein
For the 2013-2014 flu season:
In addition to the other ingredients, for the 2013-2014 flu season, the
antigens have been selected by CDC for the US trivalent vaccines for the 2013-2014 flu season, and the vaccine contains the following three viruses:
- Type A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
- Type A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus known as A/Victoria/361/2011; and,
- Type B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus.
It has been recommended that the 2013-2014 quadrivalent vaccines (containing two Type A and two Type B influenza viruses) contain the above three viruses and a Type B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.
Why do you get a new flu shot every year?
Viruses mutate very quickly. As they move through a population, passing from individual to individual, they change to bypass the immune system defenses and environmental conditions and sometimes they just make random changes from imperfect replications. Many viruses will be almost completely genetically different from their parent or grandparent viruses.
The flu shot we get each year has been developed to contain the three types of currently active flu viruses determined by epidemiologists to be most likely spreading in the next flu season. These are rarely the same viruses year to year because the prior year's viruses have almost always mutated to new forms before they circle around again the following year.
When you get a flu shot, your body reacts and produces antibodies in the blood that fight off those particular flu viruses for life (in some circumstances, but in others the immunity does lessen over time). The problem is that each flu season brings a slightly (or greatly) changed flu virus that the last year's antibodies are usually not very effective in fighting.
More:
The flu vaccine is made based on what scientists think will be the next year's most active flu viruses. If they waited until the first flu cases, there would not be time to produce all the vaccine needed for millions of people. They study what viruses are circulating in other parts of the world to determine scientifically which are the most likely ones to hit during our next flu season. They make a pretty good forecast analysis.
This is also the reason that there is no cure for the common cold: there are 300-some different types of common cold viruses, and each of those can make slight changes (mutations) that make them unable to be recognized as the same by your immune system. Once you have had one of those, you may not ever catch that exact same cold virus again, but the changes and mutations occur often and quickly in the cold viruses, so it is close to impossible for your body to make new antibodies to defend itself against the newest versions or for your previously made antibodies to be close enough to work on the mutated viruses.
Usually they have a cost. But sumtimes clinics offer them for free.
Answer:It depends where you live. Countries with national health care plans provide free vaccinations against a wide range of illnesses including annual and special flu shots.
Is there a vaccine for pneumonia disease?
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How long before surgery can you get a flu shot?
You should ask the surgeon to answer that question. The answer could depend on your individual circumstances, such as underlying diseases or disorders, stage of recovery, surgical complications, and healing. It might make no difference at all, but your doctor who knows your medical history should give you that advice.
Why would a person have a vaccination?
Because people are lied to and brainwashed by Big Pharma into believing that vaccines were responsible in the past for reducing deaths from viral infections, and so may reduce viral infections and deaths in the future. Nothing could be further from the truth. It was not vaccines, but improved living standards such as: better hygiene, cleaner drinking water, stricter building codes, and especially, better nutrition, that were responsible for the drop in infectious viral diseases. Even antibiotics did not play as big a part as they are credited for playing in the reduction of deaths from infectious diseases. Vaccines cause injuries, and over 20,000 claims have been filed with the Vaccine Court. According to a study by Harvard, only about 1% of all vaccine injuries are reported, so that would mean there have been over 2 million vaccine injuries since 1988, at the very least. Of all the claims filed, only about 30% are ever decided in the plaintiff's favor. Vaccine injuries include immune disorders such as: allergies, autism, psoriasis, narcolepsy, and hyperthyroidism, to name but a few.
