Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

When NPN transistors are used in the most common amplifier configurations, they require a power supply with positive polarity with respect to common terminal. PNP transistors instead require a negative power supply. Over many years the positive power supply has become a design standard. This means that, for "Common Emitter" and "Common Collector" amplifiers, NPN transistors must be used. The same was once true for logic circuits: for positive power supplies, the logic gates would be built from N-channel FETs. But since the 1980s an improved setup has been used: CMOS logic which is built from approximately equal numbers of P-channel and N-channel transistors.

npn is mostly used because in npn electron current is greater the hole current.whereas in pnp hole current is greater than electron current. it is a people choise and basicaly and a manufacture choice. nobody wants to be negative. logic chips were developed for positive potential that doesn't mean that these chips cannot be used at a negative potential quite the contrary as long as the chip sees a positive voltage across them they work. you may develop a computer whereb\y the logic is gnd as positive and -5v as -vss. so you see it is a human choice.

C MOS is the complementary metal -oxide semiconductor which is used to hold dates, time and system setup parameters.

VHDL is the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. VHSIC is an abbreviation for Very High Speed Integrated Circuit.

It can describe the behaviour and structure of electronic systems, but is particularly suited as a language to describe the structure and behaviour of digital electronic hardware designs, such as ASICs and FPGAs as well as conventional digital circuits. VHDL is an international standard, regulated by the IEEE. Simulation and synthesis are the two main kinds of tools which operate on the VHDL language.

VHDL allows designs to be described using any methodology - top down, bottom up or middle out! VHDL can be used to describe hardware at the gate level or in a more abstract way.

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. The CMOS is where the basic modifiable settings of the computer (BIOS, Basic Input-Output System) (Date, time, memory) are stored. These settings are maintained when the power is turned off by a minute current, and that current is supplied by the CMOS battery

library IEEE;

use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;

use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;

use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;

entity asynjkff is

Port ( clk,reset : in STD_LOGIC;

j : in STD_LOGIC;

k : in STD_LOGIC;

q : inout STD_LOGIC;

qn : out STD_LOGIC);

end asynjkff;

architecture Behavioral of asynjkff is

begin

process(clk,j,k,q,reset)

begin

if (reset='1') then qn<='0';

else

if(clk'event and clk='1')then

qn<=(j and(not(q)))or(q and(not(k)));

end if;

end if;

end process;

end Behavioral;

CMOS battery of your laptop maintains hard disk, time and date, and other drivers and configuration settings in a CMOS memory. You will see these tiny CMOS batteries connected directly to the laptop’s motherboard.

Below code can implement AND gate in VHDL. The code is written in data flow model.

Library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

Entity gates is

port (a,b : in std_logic; c : out std_logic);

end gates ;

architecture and1 of gates is

begin

c<=a and b;

end and1;

Josh Rogers page 12 section 4-5

You have to open up the computer and replace the button battery by one of the sampe type. I would recommend letting you system manufacturer do this if its still under waranty.

The Flash BIOS, although it doesn't make all that much sense to me....

Cmos inverter has very less power consumption when it is idle where as nmos inverter still consume power when idle.

CMOS and NMOS are two logic families. As the name itself indicates, CMOS is complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology. It uses both PMOS and NMOS transistors for design. Whereas, NMOS logic family uses only NMOS FETs for design.

CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor. It is a kind of technology used in some microchips.

As applied to personal computers, CMOS typically refers to the component used to store BIOS (basic input-output system) code because those chips used to be made exclusively with CMOS technology. A CMOS error is the same as a BIOS error.

the recent trend in vlsi technology is the 22nm technology before three months its 60nm tech. that is the device fabrication in the IC is carriedout in 22nm's.

VHDL is basically a hardware description language. To describe hardware as a program that can be dumped into a PLD, we use VHDL. It is essential to represent hardware as program so that it can be tested before realizing it physically. If there are any errors, they can be corrected here itself.

Below code can implement NOT gate in VHDL. The code is written in data flow model.

Library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

Entity gates is

port (a : in std_logic; c : out std_logic);

end gates ;

architecture and1 of gates is

begin

c<=not a;

end and1;

LIBRARY ieee;

USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

USE ieee.std_logic_arith.all;

ENTITY pri_enc IS

port(a,b,c,d:in std_logic;m:out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0));

END ENTITY pri_enc;

architecture pr_en of pri_enc is

begin

process(a,b,c)

begin

if a='1' then

s<="00";

elsif b='1' then

s<="01";

elsif c='1' then

s<="10";

else s<="11";

end if;

end process;

end pr_en;

If you mean the CMOS setup, then it was likely made around 1984. That was the year that IBM released the AT computer. That was the first to make use of CMOS settings. If you mean CMOS-based logic chips, they have been around since at least the the mid 1970's.

I'm sorry, but I don't have any information on an individual named Heidy TTL. If you could provide more context or details about who she is, I might be able to help you better!

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology encompasses several subfamilies, primarily categorized into standard, low-power, and high-speed CMOS. Standard CMOS is widely used for general applications, while low-power CMOS is designed for energy-efficient devices, making it suitable for battery-operated applications. High-speed CMOS, on the other hand, is optimized for fast switching and high-frequency performance, often used in high-speed digital circuits. Additionally, there are specialized variants like RF-CMOS for radio frequency applications and mixed-signal CMOS for combining analog and digital functions.

Design of any complex mechanism (electronic, software, mechanical, etc.) requires a cyclic process of design, prototyping, test, identifying problems, and repeat until the mechanism comes reasonably close to meeting its requirements.

The device that decreases the Time to Live (TTL) value whenever a packet traverses it is a router. Each time a packet passes through a router, the TTL value is decremented by one to prevent packets from circulating indefinitely in the network. If the TTL value reaches zero, the packet is discarded, which helps maintain network efficiency and prevents congestion.

High speed operation.