Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email
Answers.com

bulimia

 
Dictionary: bu·li·mi·a   (bū-lē'mē-ə, -lĭm'ē-ə, byū-) pronunciation
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary
n.
  1. An eating disorder, common especially among young women of normal or nearly normal weight, that is characterized by episodic binge eating and followed by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation. It is often associated with measures taken to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, dieting, or fasting. Also called bulimarexia, bulimia nervosa.
  2. Excessive or insatiable appetite.

[New Latin būlīmia, from Greek boulīmiā : bous, ox + līmos, hunger.]

bulimic bu·li'mic adj. & n.

Search unanswered questions...

Enter a question here...
Search: All sources Community Q&A Reference topics

Wordsmith Words: bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Wordsmith Words

(boo-LIM-ee-uh, byoo-)

noun
1. Excessive or insatiable appetite.
2. An emotional disorder marked by bouts of overeating followed by purging, by means of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, etc.

Etymology
From New Latin bulimia, from Greek boulimia, from bous (ox) + limos (hunger)

Literally speaking, bulimia is ox hunger. It's not clear whether it means one could eat like a bull, or eat a whole bull. It's also known as boulimia, bulimia nervosa, bulimarexia, binge-purge syndrome.
It's a strange world where some eat and then throw it up, while there are millions who go to bed hungry, even in a rich nation like the USA.

Usage
"Eating disorders are also a daily subject for viewers of the prime-time soap opera 'The Pages of Our Lives,' in which a 15-year-old ballet dancer suffers from bulimia, secretly making herself vomit after eating to keep her weight down." — Brazil Transfixed by 4th Anorexia Death; Associated Press; Dec 27, 2006.

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: bulimia nervosa
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Eating disorder, mostly in women, in which excessive concern with weight and body shape leads to binge eating followed by compensatory behaviour such as self-induced vomiting or the excessive use of laxatives or diuretics. The disorder typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and is associated with depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Bulimia can have serious medical complications such as dental decay and dehydration. Treatment may include psychotherapy. Unlike persons with anorexia nervosa, most bulimics remain close to their proper weight.

For more information on bulimia nervosa, visit Britannica.com.

Dental Dictionary: bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Health > Dental Dictionary

n

Repeated secretive bouts of excessive eating followed by self-induced vomiting, purging, and anorexia, usually accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-disgust. Oral signs may include dental erosion of the lingual aspect of the maxillary anterior teeth.

Bulimia. (Sapp/Eversole/Wysocki, 2004)

Bulimia. (Sapp/Eversole/Wysocki, 2004)

Psychoanalysis: Bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Health > Psychoanalysis Dictionary

Bulimia (from the Greek boulima: hunger [limos] of an ox [bous]), a medical term that has entered common usage, refers to an eating disorder characterized by episodes.

A bulimic episode (a binge) is defined as a fit of frenzied overeating in which an excessive amount of food is consumed in a short time; this episode involves a sense of loss of control. It can occur several times in one day and can completely overwhelm the subject. Bulimia always entails a major and overwhelming event that is convulsive or ritualized, and violent. There is usually an awareness of the pathological nature of this behavior, combined with fear of an inability to avoid it, pleasure, shame, and self-denigration. In addition to bulimia relating to food, there is a form of bulimia that relates to various consumer items (medicines, pathological buying) and to sex.

There are descriptions of bulimic episodes dating from antiquity. Medical dictionaries, particularly in the English language, refer to this disorder from the beginning of the eighteenth century (Blankaart, 1708). Historically, bulimia was predominantly a male disorder and was akin to hyperphagia and gluttony. It was long considered a manifestation of the same order as neurotic symptoms (Janet, 1903); Sigmund Freud referred to it as one of the symptoms of anxiety neurosis and also recorded it as an eating compulsion motivated by a fear of starvation.

As a manifestation of orality in the broad sense, bulimia is generally a form of pathological behavior, a passage to the act that is often impulsive and bypasses any mentalization or psychic material. It then has a defensive function in warding off psychotic disorganization or depressive affects. Karl Abraham mentioned it in his work on melancholia and, in Fear of Breakdown (1974), Donald Winnicott described it as a form of defense against the frightening nature of the void.

Bulimia is also associated with the addictions (Radó, 1926). In 1945, Otto Fenichel classified it as a "drugless addiction." Marie-Claire Célérier regards it as a symptom on the boundary between a psychosomatic loss of meaning and a hysterical signifier (1977), while Joyce McDougall describes it in terms of a symptomatic act that substitutes for the undreamt dream.

Bulimia is a widespread phenomenon in Western societies that is both on the increase and more out in the open. It has gradually become a syndrome in its own right—bulimia nervosa—with a separate status from anorexia nervosa and obesity. Wermuth and Russell first established the diagnostic criteria for the bulimic syndrome. In addition to bulimic episodes, these include various strategies for controlling weight and a psychiatric co-morbidity that can be severe (thymic disorders and addictions). These criteria reflect the notions of loss of control, chaotic functioning, inadequate mentalization and relationships of dependency (Jeammet, 1991) that are observed in these patients.

Contemporary discussions of bulimia refer to a complex, multi-faceted disorder that combines eating binges with a range of strategies for maintaining a normal weight, distortions in cognitive functioning and body-image perception, and emotional disturbances (Vindreau, 1991). In the majority of cases, the origins of the disorder are traced back to adolescence and its physiological and psychodynamic transformations. As of 2004, ninety percent of bulimics are women but the bulimia rate is rising among men. Whereas the incidence of the syndrome is three percent in the general population, it rises to seven percent in some adolescent, student, and high-school groups.

The conception of bulimia has developed from a simple compulsive substitution for a repressed sexual drive, into the widely-recognized, contemporary bulimia nervosa. Throughout this development, its definition has closely reflected both sociological and cultural changes and the psychopathological theories that prevailed over time. Above all, both the recourse of acting out through eating behavior, and the perceived need for particular bodily sensations in order to produce a psychic effect (Brusset, 1991), pose questions relating to self-esteem, difficulty in controlling behavior and emotions, narcissistic difficulties, and the quest for identity.

Bibliography

Abraham, Karl. (1924). A short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. Selected papers on Psycho-Analysis (pp. 418-501). London: Hogarth Press.

Brusset, Bernard. (1991). Psychopathologie de l 'anorexie mentale. Paris: Dunod.

Célérier, Marie-Claire. (1977). La boulimie compulsionnelle. Topique, 18, 95-116.

Fenichel, Otto. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: W. W. Norton.

Freud, Sigmund. (1926d). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. SE, 20: 75-172.

Igoin, Laurence. (1979). La boulimie et son infortune. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Janet, Pierre. (1903). Les Obsessions et la psychasthénie. Paris: Alcan.

Jeammet, Phillipe. (1991). Dysrégulations narcissiques et objectales dans la boulimie. In Bernard Brusset and Catherine Couvreur (Eds.), La boulimie (pp. 89-104). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

McDougall, Joyce. (1974). The psyche-soma and the psychoanalytic process. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 1, 437-460.

Radó, Sándor. (1926). The psychic effects of intoxicants: an attempt to evolve a psycho-analytical theory of morbid cravings. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 7, 396-413.

Vindreau, Christine. (1991). La boulimie dans la clinique psychiatrique. In Bernard Brusset and Catherine Couvreur (Eds.), La boulimie (pp. 63-79). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Winnicott, Donald W. (1974). Fear of breakdown. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 1, 103-107.

—CHRISTINE VINDREAU

Health Dictionary: bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Health > Health Dictionary

An eating disorder that is characterized by episodic binge eating followed by feelings of guilt or depression and sometimes self-induced vomiting.

Veterinary Dictionary: bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Animal Life > Veterinary Dictionary

Abnormal increase in the sensation of hunger. Because of its subjectivity the diagnosis could only be assumed in an animal.

Wikipedia: Bulimia nervosa
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
Bulimia nervosa
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 F50.2
ICD-9 307.51
DiseasesDB 1770
eMedicine emerg/810 med/255
MeSH D052018

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors.[1] The most common form is defensive vomiting, sometimes called purging; fasting, the use of laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and over exercising are also common.[2] The word bulimia derives from the Latin (būlīmia), which originally comes from the Greek βουλιμία (boulīmia; ravenous hunger), a compound of βους (bous), ox + λιμός (līmos), hunger.[3]

Bulimia nervosa was named and first described by the British psychiatrist Gerald Russell in 1979.[4][5]

Contents

Diagnosis

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR) published by the American Psychiatric Association, the criteria for diagnosing a patient with bulimia are:

  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:
    • Eating, in a fixed period of time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat under similar circumstances. Mainly eating binge foods.
    • A lack of control over eating during the episode: a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating.
  • Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as: self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; excessive exercise.
  • Triggers include periods of stress, traumatic events, and self-evaluation of body shape and weight.
  • These symptoms may occur after every meal on a daily basis or once every few months.
  • The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa.[6]

There are two sub-types of bulimia nervosa:

  • Purging type bulimics self-induce vomiting (usually by triggering the gag reflex or ingesting emetics such as syrup of ipecac) to rapidly remove food from the body before it can be digested, or use laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.
  • Non-purging type bulimics (approximately 6%-8% of cases) exercise or fast excessively after a binge to offset the caloric intake after eating. Purging-type bulimics may also exercise or fast, but as a secondary form of weight control.[6]

The onset of bulimia nervosa is often during adolescence (between 13 and 20 years of age) and many cases have previously suffered obesity, with many sufferers relapsing in adulthood into episodic binging and purging even after initially successful treatment and remission.[7]

Bulimia nervosa can be difficult to detect, compared to anorexia nervosa, because bulimics tend to be of average or slightly above or below average weight. Many bulimics may also engage in significantly disordered eating and exercising patterns without meeting the full diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa.[8]

Prevalence

There is little data on the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in-the-large, on general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students. These have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females.[9] Studies on time trends in the prevalence of bulimia nervosa have also yielded inconsistent results.[10]

Country Year Sample size and type Incidence
Australia 2008 1943 adolescents (ages 15–17) 1.4% male 9.4% female[11]
Portugal 2006 2028 high school students 0.3% female[12]
Brazil 2004 1807 students (ages 7–19) 0.8% male 1.3% female[13]
Spain 2004 2509 female adolescents (ages 13–22) 1.4% female[14]
Hungary 2003 580 Budapest residents 0.4% male 3.6% female[15]
Australia 1998 4200 high school students 0.3% combined[16]
USA 1996 1152 college students 0.2% male 1.3% female[17]
Norway 1995 19067 psychiatric patients 0.7% male 7.3% female[18]
Canada 1995 8116 (random sample) 0.1% male 1.1% female[19]
Japan 1995 2597 high school students 0.7% male 1.9% female[20]
USA 1992 799 college students 0.4% male 5.1% female[21]

There are higher rates of eating disorders in groups involved in activities which idealize a slim physique, such as dance[15], gymnastics, modeling, cheerleading, running, acting, rowing and figure skating. Bulimia is more prevalent among Caucasians.[22]

Effects

These cycles often involve rapid and out-of-control eating, which may stop when the bulimic is interrupted by another person or the stomach hurts from overextension, followed by self-induced vomiting or other forms of purging. This cycle may be repeated several times a week or, in more serious cases, several times a day[23], and may directly cause:

The frequent contact between teeth and gastric acid, in particular, may cause:

Related disorders

Bulimics are much more likely than non-bulimics to have an affective disorder, such as depression or general anxiety disorder: A 1985 Columbia University study on female bulimics at New York State Psychiatric Institute found 70% had suffered depression some time in their lives (as opposed to 25.8% for adult females in a control sample from the general population), rising to 88% for all affective disorders combined.[28] Another study by the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne on a cohort of 2000 adolescents similarly found that those meeting at least two of the DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa had a sixfold increase in risk of anxiety and a doubling of risk for substance dependency.[11] Bulimia also has negative effects on the sufferer's dental health due to the acid passed through the mouth from frequent vomitting causing acid erosion, mainly on the posterior dental surface.

Treatment

There has been no single, consistently-effective therapy for bulimia nervosa.

Pharmacological

Some researchers have hypothesized a relationship to mood disorders and clinical trials have been conducted with tricyclic antidepressants,[29] MAO inhibitors, mianserin, fluoxetine,[30] lithium carbonate, nomifensine, trazodone, and bupropion.

Research groups who have seen a relationship to seizure disorders have attempted treatment with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid. Opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone, which block cravings for gambling, have also been used.[31]

There has also been some research characterizing bulimia nervosa as an addiction disorder, and limited clinical use of topiramate, which blocks cravings for opiates, cocaine, alcohol and food.[32] Researchers have also report positive outcomes when bulimics are treated in an addiction-disorders inpatient unit,[33]

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is also under investigation as a possible cause.[34][35]

Psychotherapy

There are several empirically-supported psychosocial treatments for bulimia nervosa. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which involves teaching clients to challenge automatic thoughts and engage in behavioral experiments (e.g., in session eating of "forbidden foods") has demonstrated efficacy both with and without concurrent antidepressant medication.[36][37]. Researchers have also reported some positive outcomes for interpersonal psychotherapy and dialectical behavior therapy.[38][39]

Some researchers have also claimed positive outcomes in hypnotherapy treatment.[40][41][42]

Famous people with bulimia

In April 2008, former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Prescott revealed he became bulimic during the stress of his first years as deputy prime minister.[43]

Diana, Princess of Wales admitted to suffering for years with bulimia.[44]

Uri Geller struggled with bulimia for much of his adult life.[45]

References

  1. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 1994. ISBN 0890420629. 
  2. ^ Fairburn, Christopher (1995), Overcoming Binge Eating, Guilford, ISBN 0898621798 
  3. ^ Douglas Harper (November 2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary: bulimia". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bulimia&searchmode=none. Retrieved 2008-04-06. 
  4. ^ Russell, Gerald (August 1979). Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. 9. Psychological Medicine. pp. 429–48.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/482466?dopt=Abstract. 
  5. ^ Palmer, Robert (2004). Bulimia nervosa: 25 years on. 185. British Journal of Psychiatry. pp. 447–448. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/185/6/447. 
  6. ^ a b Barlow, David H; Durand, V Mark (July 2004), Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach, Thomson Wadsworth, ISBN 0534633625 
  7. ^ Agras, W S (2004), "Disorders of eating: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder", in Shader, R I, Manual of psychiatric therapeutics, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0781744598 
  8. ^ Walsh, J M E; Wheat, M.E; Freund, K (2000), "Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders", Journal of General Internal Medicine (Springer) 15 (8): 577–590, doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.02439.x, PMID 10940151, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1495575 
  9. ^ Makino, M; Tsuboi, K; Dennerstein, L (January 13, 2004). "Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries". Medscape General Medicine 6 (3): 49. PMID 15520673. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1435625. 
  10. ^ Hay, Phillipa J; Mond, Jonathan; Buttner, Petra; Darby, Anita (2008), "Eating Disorder Behaviors Are Increasing: Findings from Two Sequential Community Surveys in South Australia", PLoS ONE (Public Library of Science) 3 (2), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001541, PMID 18253489, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2212110&blobtype=pdf 
  11. ^ a b Patton, G C; Coffey, C; Carlin, J B; Sanci, L; Sawyer, S (2008), "Prognosis of adolescent partial syndromes of eating disorder", The British Journal of Psychiatry (Royal College of Psychiatrists) 192 (4): 294–299, doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.031112, PMID 18378993, http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/192/4/294 
  12. ^ Machado, Paulo; Machado, Barbara; Gonçalves, Sónia; Hoek, Hans W (2007), "The prevalence of Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified", International journal of eating disorders (Wiley) 40 (3): 212-217, doi:10.1002/eat.20358, http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/5722/1/EDNOS%20IJED%20accepted.pdf 
  13. ^ Vilela, João E M; LamounierII, Joel A; Filho, Marcos A Dellaretti; Neto, José R Barros; Horta, Gustavo M (2004), "Eating disorders in school children", Jornal de Pediatria (Scielo) 80 (2): 49-54, doi:10.1590/S0021-75572004000100010, ISSN 0021-7557, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0021-75572004000100010&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en 
  14. ^ Lahortiga-Ramos, Francisca; De Irala-Estévez, Jokin; Cano-Prous, Adrián; Gual-García, Pilar; Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel; Cervera-Enguix, Salvador (2005), "Incidence of eating disorders in Navarra", European Psychiatry (Elsevier) 20 (2): 179-185, doi:doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.07.008, http://www.cun.es/fileadmin/Departamentos/Psiquiatria%20y%20Psicologia%20Medica/PDF/IncidenceoEatingDisorderinNavarra.pdf 
  15. ^ a b Tölgyes, T; Nemessury, J (2004), "Epidemiological studies on adverse dieting behaviours and eating disorders among young people in Hungary", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (Springer) 39 (8): 647-654, doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0783-z 
  16. ^ Hay, P (1998), "The epidemiology of eating disorder behaviors: An Australian community-based survey", International Journal of Eating Disorders 23 (4): 371-382, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199805)23:4<371::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-F 
  17. ^ Pemberton, A R; Vernon, S W; Lee, E S (September 1, 2005), "Prevalence and Correlates of Bulimia Nervosa and Bulimic Behaviors in a Racially Diverse Sample of Undergraduate Students in Two Universities in Southeast Texas", American Journal of Epidemiology (Oxford University Press) 144 (5): 450–455, PMID 8781459, http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/144/5/450 
  18. ^ Götestam, K G; Eriksen, L; Hagen, H (1995), "An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norwegian psychiatric institutions", The International journal of eating disorders (Wiley) 18 (3): 263–268, doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<263::AID-EAT2260180308>3.0.CO;2-O, http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3704897 
  19. ^ Garfinkel, P E; Lin, E; Goering, P; Spegg, C; Goldbloom, D S; Kennedy, S; Kaplan, A S; Woodside, D B (July 1, 1995), "Bulimia nervosa in a Canadian community sample: prevalence and comparison of subgroups", Americal Journal of Psychiatry 152 (7): 1052–1058, PMID 7793442, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/152/7/1052 
  20. ^ Suzuki, K; Takeda, A; Matsushita, S (1995), "Coprevalence of bulimia with alcohol abuse and smoking among Japanese male and female high school students", Addiction (Blackwell Synergy) 90 (7): 971--976, doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x 
  21. ^ Heatherton, T F; Nichols, P; Mahamedi, F; Keel, P (1995), "Body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms among college students, 1982 to 1992", American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (11): 1623–9, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=7485625&cmd=showdetailview 
  22. ^ Franko, Debra L; Becker, Anne E; Thomas, Jennifer J; Herzog, David B (2007), "Cross-ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress", International Journal of Eating Disorders (Wiley) 40 (2), doi:10.1002/eat.20341 
  23. ^ Let's Talk Facts About: Eating Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1999, ISBN 0-89042-352-0  (pamphlet)
  24. ^ Joseph, A B; Herr, B (1985), "Finger calluses in bulimia", American Journal of Psychiatry (American Psychiatric Association) 142 (5): 655, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/142/5/655a.pdf 
  25. ^ Wynn, D R; Martin, M J (1984), "A physical sign of bulimia", Mayo Clinic proceedings (Mayo Clinic) 59 (10): 722 
  26. ^ a b Oral Health Topics: Eating Disorders, American Dental Association, http://www.ada.org/public/topics/eating_disorders.asp 
  27. ^ McGilley, Beth M; Pryor, Tamara L (June 1998), "Assessment and Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa", American Academy of Family Physicians, http://www.aafp.org/afp/980600ap/mcgilley.html 
  28. ^ Walsh, B T; Roose, S P; Glassman, A H; Gladis, M; Sadik, C (1985), "Bulimia and depression" (PDF), Psychosomatic Medicine 47 (2): 123–131, http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/47/2/123.pdf 
  29. ^ Mitchell, J E; Raymond, N; Specker, S (1993), "A review of the controlled trials of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa", International Journal of Eating Disorders (Wiley}) 14 (3), doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199311)14:3<229::AID-EAT2260140302>3.0.CO;2-X 
  30. ^ Walsh, B T (1995), "Pharmacotherapy of eating disorders", Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (New York: Guilford): pp. 329-340 
  31. ^ Mitchell, J E; Christensen, G; Jennings, J; Huber, M; Thomas, B (1989), "A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of naltrexone hydrochloride in outpatients with normal weight bulimia", Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 9 (2): 94-97 
  32. ^ Giannini, A James; Slaby, Andrew E (1993), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-94002-2 
  33. ^ Wilfley, Denise E; Welch, R. Robinson; Stein, Richard I; Spurrell, Emily Borman; Cohen, Lisa R; Saelens, Brian E; Dounchi, Jennifer Zoler; Frank, Mary Ann et al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (8): 713–721, http://courses.csusm.edu/psyc340sr/articles/IBT_vs_CBT_Wilfley.pdf, retrieved 2009-04-09 
  34. ^ Ribasés, M.; Gratacòs, M.; Fernández-Aranda, F.; Bellodi, L.; Boni, C.; Anderluh, M.; Cavallini, C.; Cellini, E. et al. (Jun 2004). "Association of BDNF with anorexia, bulimia and age of onset of weight loss in six European populations" (Free full text). Human Molecular Genetics 13 (12): 1205. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh137. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 15115760. http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15115760.  edit
  35. ^ "1". Annual Review of Eating Disorders - part 2. 2008. pp. 14-15. ISBN 9781846192449. http://www.radcliffe-oxford.com/books/samplechapter/2447/01_Wonderlich2008_D1-15d05720rdz.pdf. 
  36. ^ Agras, W., Crow, S.J., Halmi, K.A., Mitchell, J.E., Wilson, G., & Kraemer, H.C. (2000). Outcome predictors for the cognitive behavior treatment of bulimia nervosa: Data from a multisite study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1302-1308.
  37. ^ Wilson, G.T., Loeb, K.L., Walsh, B.T., Labouvie, E., Pekova, E., Liu, X., et al. (1999). Psychological versus pharmacological treatments of bulimia nervosa: Predictors and precesses of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 451-459.
  38. ^ Fairburn, Christopher G; Agras, W Stewart; Walsh, B Timothy; Wilson, G Terence (2004), American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (12): 2322–2324, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/161/12/2322 
  39. ^ Safer, Debra L; Telch, Christy F; Agras, W Stewart (2001), American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (4): 632–634, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/4/632, retrieved 2009-04-09 
  40. ^ Barabasz, M. (1990), "Treatment of bulimia with hypnosis involving awareness and control in clients with high dissociative", International journal of psychosomatics: official publication of the International Psychosomatics Institute 37 (1-4): 53, PMID 2246105 
  41. ^ Barga, J & Barabasz, M (in press). Effects of Hypnosis as an adjunct to Cognitive-Behavior therapy in the treatment of Bulimia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. In Barabasz, M (2007) Efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of Eating Disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3):318-335
  42. ^ Griffifths, RA. (1995) Two-year follow-up findings of hypnobehavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 23 (2), 135-144
  43. ^ Hawkins, Ross (2008-04-20), Prescott's shocking confession, BBC Online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7357430.stm, retrieved 2009-02-28 
  44. ^ Diana: The BBC interview, BBC Online, 1995-11-24, http://scoop.evansville.net/diana.html, retrieved 2009-04-25 
  45. ^ "Uri Geller: Bingeing is an addictive drug", Telegraph, 2008-04-21, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1896230/Uri-Geller-Bingeing-is-an-addictive-drug.html 

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Translations: Bulimia
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations

Dansk (Danish)
n. - bulimi

Nederlands (Dutch)
boulimie (eetstoornis met o.a. vreetbuien), vraatzucht

Français (French)
n. - boulimie

Deutsch (German)
n. - Bulimie, Heißhunger

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (παθολ.) βουλιμία

Italiano (Italian)
bulimia

Português (Portuguese)
n. - bulimia (f) (Med.)

Русский (Russian)
булимия

Español (Spanish)
n. - bulimia, apetito insaciable

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - bulimi, hetsätning (med.)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
易饿病, 异常的热心

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 易餓病, 異常的熱心

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 대식증

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 病的飢餓, 異常な読書欲

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) الضور مرض الشراهه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮זלילה שאין לספקה, אכילה והקאה, בולימיה (מחלה)‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.


 
 

 

Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wordsmith Words. © 2009 Wordsmith.org. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Dental Dictionary. Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Psychoanalysis. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Health Dictionary. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.  Read more
Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bulimia nervosa".  Read more
Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.  Read more