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noun

1. The continuous exercise of authority over a political unit: administration, control, direction, governance, rule. See control/uncontrol, politics.
2. A system by which a political unit is controlled: governance, regime, rule. See politics.
3. Authoritative control over the affairs of others: administration, direction, management, superintendence, supervision. See over/under.

Definition: management, administration
Antonyms: anarchy, chaos, coup, insurrection, lawlessness, mutiny, revolt, revolution

Exercise of authority over and the performance of functions for a political unit; usually classified by the distribution of power within it.

The modern Middle East is a large and diverse region, the differences well illustrated by the structures and dynamics of governments in the area. There are nearly as many types of government as there are states, and many of the systems undergo almost constant change as the need to accommodate domestic and international pressures emerges. Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 some states are seen by the United States and other nations as failed or rogue states that pose an imminent threat to world security, and international forces have compelled "regime changes" in the region (Afghanistan, Iraq).

Constitutional government is not deeply rooted or widespread in the Middle East. Israel's democracy rests in part on a series of basic laws that provide a framework for governmental action rather than on a formal written constitution, but this does not affect its role as a parliamentary democracy. Syria has a constitution with the trappings of constitutional government, yet hardly qualifies as a democratic regime. Other states have written constitutions, but these rarely provide a clear guide to governmental action. The Republic of Turkey, however, is a significant exception.

The legislative institutions of Middle East states generally are limited in number and power. In much of the Middle East, the legislatures are rarely representative bodies, although when present they often perform useful functions. In some of the Persian Gulf states, such as Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates, there exist consultative bodies that generally serve at the pleasure of the ruler but also tend to legitimate the ruler's actions. This function has proven particularly critical in times of crisis and challenge to the regime. In some instances elected (although not in wholly unfettered processes) legislatures are involved in lawmaking and engage in criticism of the regime despite regime-imposing limitations. Such legislatures have existed in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Syria, and Yemen. Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait experiment with such systems, whereby the democratization process in Kuwait after the liberation from Iraqi occupation was slow. The form of legislative dynamic most familiar to Western observers exists in Israel and Turkey (and did exist in Lebanon until the 1975 civil war). In Israel the parliament has antecedents in the British model. The Turkish government has been subjected to periodic military interference, but parliament has been empowered to bolster Turkey's membership plea for the European Union. In both countries legislatures are freely elected, real political opposition exists, and multiparty competition is the norm.

Throughout most countries of the Middle East, political opposition is still controlled, as are elections. Morocco is undergoing a constitutional reform since the coming into power of King Mohammed VI in 1999. The recent dramatic change in the foreign policy of Libya has not yet changed the autocratic regime within. Algeria is still in a process of reconstruction of civil society, and the reform process in Tunisia is still slow as of early 2004. As in Morocco the key to democratization in all these countries is an approach to give human rights (not at least the rights of women) a prominent place on the reform agenda.

The politics of the Middle East are dominated mostly by the individuals of the executive branches of government who control a country's system and its decisions. More often than not, this is a single authoritarian individual, whether his title is king, prince, general, or president. Most Middle Eastern governments can be classified as authoritarian; the autonomy of their political institutions is limited, and there are serious constraints on personal political freedoms. Individuals' political rights and personal freedoms are not accorded considerable attention in most of the region's systems, and are rarely guaranteed. Nevertheless, despite the range and extent of government control over the public sector and formal governmental activity, totalitarian regimes are not a conspicuous regional feature, as there is often a clear separation between the public and private sectors, with the private sector insulated from governmental interference.

Forms of Government

Authoritarian systems include several major forms of government, including monarchy (absolute or constitutional) with a king, prince, or sultan at its head. The monarchic principle is firmly rooted in Middle Eastern tradition and history. Such leaders - caliphs, sultans, shahs, khedives, shaykhs, and amirs - have held the reins of government in some areas for centuries, often sustaining control through hereditary succession. Monarchies have been seen as legitimate forms of government, even if individual monarchs were given to excesses in the assumption or exercise of power. Monarchies were established by the British, or at least with their acquiescence, in Iraq and in Transjordan during their respective mandates. The coup in Iran after World War I shifted dynasties, but monarchy was retained until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Egypt retained its monarchy until 1952 and Libya until 1969; Morocco, Jordan, and the Persian Gulf states still maintain the tradition of monarchical rule. Turkey's caliphate-sultanate was terminated after World War I; the imamate of Yemen survived until the 1950s. The formal change from monarchy to republic does not, however, assure an end to personal control of the affairs of state. On the contrary, often the deposed monarch has been succeeded by a popular leader or dictator, such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, or Saddam Hussein in Iraq.

A republican form of government was formally established during the French mandate over Syria and Lebanon, and these two states emerged from French control after World War II as republics. Nevertheless, they soon moved in very different directions, with Lebanon retaining at least the form of a republic and Syria establishing a single-person system, which has been dominated by the al-Asad family since the early 1970s.

Political pluralism is a rare feature in the Middle East, restricted to Israel and Turkey and, arguably, Lebanon and some minor Gulf states. In Israel, the tradition of proportional representation and coalition government, which originated in the British model for the prestate Zionist structures in Palestine, has helped to generate party pluralism. In Lebanon, the National Pact of 1943 divided elected and appointive government positions proportionately among the various religious denominational groups. Although it has survived since the French mandate and has been modified various times since, its premise of proportional ethnic and religious representation remains a central feature of Lebanese politics, albeit buffeted by civil war. Turkey is a prominent example of a state that has moved from a one-party to a multiparty system since 1945.

Periodically, suggestions have been advanced for political change and reform as well as for further democratization of the states in the region, but these have rarely advanced beyond the stage of pronouncement, thereby allowing the retention of existing structures and types of government. As part of its "War on Terror," the administration of U.S. president George W. Bush has argued for a democratization of the region, whereby the use of foreign force for such regime changes is seen as a legitimate tool. The transitional constitution in Iraq may pave the way for such approaches, as it is a consensus of major ethnic and religious factions under U.S. guidance.

Islamic governments (theocracies) have been the exception, not the rule, in the Arab world - Israel is a Jewish state but not a theocracy, and Turkey abolished the caliphate in the 1920s and proclaimed itself a secular state. An Islamic government was installed in Iran only after the Iranian Revolution and the ouster of the shah in 1979. The role of Islam in government has varied. Most Islamic states are so described because the majority of their populations are Muslims and they utilize elements of Islam to guide their activities. Many of their constitutions include provisions that the state is Islamic, that Islam is the established religion, or that certain officials (generally, the head of state) must be Muslim, but in most states some of the elements of Islam coexist with extensive borrowings from Western and secular conceptions of government and political life. In some states, Islam has been used as a mechanism for achieving and sustaining the legitimacy of the regime; in others it has been a mobilizing force to generate popular opposition to government policies. The Iranian revolution (1979) established a regime in which Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the clerics who supported him dominated the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government as well as the military, the media, and the Revolutionary Guards, and traditional Islamic law was enshrined as the law of the land. The structure of government was one peculiar to the Shiʿite system of Iran as molded and guided by Khomeini; it achieved its form only after significant internal discord among varying interpreters of the legacy of Shiʿism. The Iranian model has not been emulated in other states, and it is under pressure in Iran itself. No Arab country has yet formally established an Islamic government, although Saudi Arabia has many of the trappings, including a shariʿa-based legal system and the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (king) as head of state (king).

Bibliography

Bill, James A., and Springborg, Robert. Politics in the Middle East, 5th edition. Glenview, IL, and London: Longman Publishing Group, 1999.

Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought: From theProphet to the Present. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.

Hudson, Michael C. Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1979.

Long, David E., and Reich, Bernard, eds. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa, 4th edition. Boulder, CO, and London: Westview Press, 2002.

— BERNARD REICH
UPDATED BY OLIVER BENJAMIN HEMMERLE

Quotes:

"An ambassador is an honest person sent to lie abroad for their country." - Sir Henry Wotton

"The monarchy is a labor intensive industry." - Harold Wilson

"The whole country is one vast insane asylum and they're letting the worst patients run the place." - Robert Welch

"Mankind, when left to themselves, are unfit for their own government." - George Washington

"Government is not reason and it is not eloquence. It is force! Like fire it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master. Never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action." - George Washington

"It is doubtful that the government knows much more than the public does about how government [Economic] policies will work." - W. Allen Wallis

See more famous quotes about Government

• Forms, Systems, and Philosophies - government: organized political institutions, laws, and customs by which state fulfills its authorized functions

For government in linguistics, see Government (linguistics).

Part of the Politics series
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v t e

Government, refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized (Referred : More to govern than control).^[1][2] Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".

States are served by a continuous succession of different governments.^[3] Each successive government is composed of a body of individuals who control and exercise control over political decision-making. Their function is to make and enforce laws and arbitrate conflicts. In some societies, this group is often a self-perpetuating or hereditary class. In other societies, such as democracies, the political roles remain, but there is frequent turnover of the people actually filling the positions.^[4]

The word government is derived from the Latin infinitive gubernare, meaning "to govern" or "to manage". In parliamentary systems, the word "government" is used to refer to what in presidential systems would be the executive branch and to the governing party. In parliamentary systems, the government is composed of the prime minister and the cabinet. In other cases, "government" refers to executive, legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and possibly also devolved powers.

Public disapproval of a particular government (expressed, for example, by not re-electing an incumbent) does not necessarily represent disapproval of the state itself (i.e. of the particular framework of government). In fact, leaders often attempt to deliberately blur the lines between the two, in order to conflate their interests with those of the polity.^[5]

Contents 1 Classifying governments 2 Maps 3 Forms of government 3.1 Significant attributes 3.2 By approach to regional autonomy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Classifying governments

In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of political systems are not obvious.^[6] It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations.

On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be easy, as all governments have an official form. The United States is a federal republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky.^[7] For example, elections are a defining characteristic of a democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not "free and fair" and took place in a single party state. Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic.

Another complication is that a huge number of political systems originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by specific parties naming themselves after those movements. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.

Maps

States by their systems of government. For the complete list of systems by country, see List of countries by system of government.

---

  presidential republics, full presidential system

  presidential republics, parliament supervising an executive presidency

  presidential republics, semi-presidential system

  parliamentary republics

  parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power

  constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often alongside a weak parliament

  absolute monarchies

  states whose constitutions grant only a single party the right to govern

  states where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended

Countries highlighted in blue are designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's 2010 survey "Freedom in the World".^[8] Freedom House considers democracy in practice, not merely official claims.

A world map distinguishing countries of the world as monarchies (red) from other forms of government (blue). Many monarchies are considered electoral democracies because the monarch is largely ritual; in other cases the monarch is the only powerful political authority.

Forms of government

• Adhocracy - government based on type of organization that operates in opposite fashion to a bureaucracy.
• Authoritarian – Authoritarian governments are characterized by an emphasis on the authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom.
• Anarchism - Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical voluntary associations among agents.
• Band Society - government based on small (usually family) unit with a semi-informal hierarchy, with strongest (either physical strength or strength of character) as leader. Very much like a pack seen in other animals, such as wolves.
• Chiefdom (Tribal) - government based on small complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief.
• Constitutional monarchy – A government that has a monarch, but one whose powers are limited by law or by a formal constitution, such as the United Kingdom^[9][10]
• Constitutional republic – A government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace (Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised; The United States is a republic, but the large numbers of African Americans and women did not have the vote early on). Republics which exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens (by defining people without the vote as "non-citizens").
• Democracy – Rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A Democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A "majority" may be defined in different ways. There are many "power-sharing" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or "electoral-college" or "constituency" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.
• Dictatorship – Rule by an individual who has full power over the country. The term may refer to a system where the dictator came to power, and holds it, purely by force - but it also includes systems where the dictator first came to power legitimately but then was able to amend the constitution so as to, in effect, gather all power for themselves.^[11] See also Autocracy and Stratocracy.
• Emirate - similar to a monarchy or sultanate, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of an emir (the ruler of a Muslim state); the emir may be an absolute overlord or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.^[12]
• Geniocracy - government ruled by creativity, innovation, intelligence and wisdom.
• Kratocracy - government ruled by those strong enough to seize power through physical force or political cunning.
• Kritocracy - government ruled by judges.
• Meritocracy - Rule by a group selected on the basis of their ability.
• Monarchy – Rule by an individual who has inherited the role and expects to bequeath it to their heir.^[13]
• Nomocracy - Rule according to higher law. That is, a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government [1]. In a nomocracy, ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) exists in the law.
• Oligarchy – Rule by a small group of people who share similar interests or family relations.^[14]
• Plutocracy – A government composed of the wealthy class. Any of the forms of government listed here can be plutocracy. For instance, if all of the voted representatives in a republic are wealthy, then it is a republic and a plutocracy.
• Republic - is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.^[15][16] In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.^[17][18] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.^[19]
• Stratocracy - form of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally the same thing. (Not to be confused with "militarism" or "military dictatorship".)
• Technocracy - government ruled by doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and other technical experts.
• Theocracy – Rule by a religious elite.^[20]
• Timocracy - government ruled by honorable citizens and property owners.
• Totalitarian – Totalitarian governments regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life.

Significant attributes

Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government.

• Nomocracy - rule of law
• Civilian control of the military
• Totalitarianism/Authoritarianism vs. liberty
  • Police state
• Economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, welfare state, feudalism)
• Patriarchy or matriarchy - dominance of a particular gender

By approach to regional autonomy

This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the state.

• Sovereignty located exclusively at the center of political jurisdiction.
  • Empire
• Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas.
  • Federation and Federal republic
  • Confederation
• Diverging degrees of sovereignty.
  • Asymmetrical federalism
  • Federacy
  • Associated state
  • Devolved state - sovereignty can be abolished without changing the constitution.

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Government

• List of countries by system of government
• List of European Union member states by political system
• Political system
• Politics
• State (polity)
• Central government
• World government
• Civics
• Comparative government
• Voting system

References

1. ^ "government". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. November 2010. 
2. ^ Bealey, Frank, ed. (1999). "government". The Blackwell dictionary of political science: a user's guide to its terms. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-631-20695-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EuKLlzYoTMC&pg=PA147. 
3. ^ Flint, Colin & Taylor, Peter (2007). Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State, and Locality (5th ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-13-196012-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=GXz9xHdHeZcC. 
4. ^ Barclay, Harold (1990). People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy. Left Bank Books. p. 31. ISBN 1-871082-16-1. 
5. ^ Holsti, Kalevi Jaako (1996). The state, war, and the state of war. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-521-57790-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5S_jQSUghsYC&pg=PA84. 
6. ^ Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology: An Introduction Third Edition. Praeger Publishers; 3rd edition (30 November 2003)
7. ^ Kopstein and Lichbach (2005:4)
8. ^ "Freedom in the World" (PDF). Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110208040624/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw10/FIW_2010_Tables_and_Graphs.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 
9. ^ Fotopoulos, Takis, The Multidimensional Crisis ad Inclusive Democracy. (Athens: Gordios, 2005).(English translation^{[dead link]} of the book with the same title published in Greek).
10. ^ "Victorian Electronic Democracy : Glossary". 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm. 
11. ^ American 503
12. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Government type
13. ^ American 1134
14. ^ American 1225
15. ^ Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.
16. ^ "Republic". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
17. ^ "republic", WordNet 3.0 (Dictionary.com), http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic, retrieved 20 March 2009 
18. ^ "Republic". Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic. Retrieved 14 August 2010. 
19. ^ Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.
20. ^ American 1793

Further reading

• Kjaer, Anne Mette (2004). Governance. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-7456-2979-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=AY5SIsf1nI4C. 
• Newton, Kenneth & Van Deth, Jan W. (2005). Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53620-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=jkPIY_lVKUIC. 
• Sharma, Urmila & Sharma, S.K. (2000). "Forms of Government". Principles and Theory of Political Science. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7156-938-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=qdZ3VRRLDrgC&pg=PA406. 
• Boix, Carles (2003). Democracy and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
• Bunce, Valerie. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics 55(2):167-192.
• Colomer, Josep M. (2003). Political Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Dahl, Robert Polyarchy Yale University Press (1971)
• Heritage, Andrew, Editor-in-Chief. 2000. World Desk Reference
• Lijphart, Arend (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press. 
• Linz, Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Linz, Juan, and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southernn Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Lichbach, Mark and Alan Zukerman, eds. 1997. Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• Luebbert, Gregory M. 1987. “Social Foundations of Political Order in Interwar Europe,” World Politics 39, 4.
• Moore, Barrington, Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge: Beacon Press, ch. 7-9.
• Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order/edited by Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1970. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: University of California.
• O’Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Przeworski, Adam. 1992. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, Jose, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Shugart, Mathhew and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, New York, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.
• Taagepera, Rein and Matthew Shugart. 1989. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems, Yale Univ. Press.

External links

Look up government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up Appendix:List of forms of government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• What Are the Different Types of Governments?
• Electronic interuniversity journal Federalism-e^{[dead link]}
• Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century
• Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century
• http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html
• Regime Types
• CBBC Newsround : types of governmentmāori:kāwhameneti

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Common misspelling(s) of government

• govorment
• goverment

Dansk (Danish)
n. - regering, ledelse, styre

Nederlands (Dutch)
regering, overheid, regerings-, staats-, het regeren

Français (French)
n. - gouvernement, administration, gestion, direction, l'État

Deutsch (German)
n. - Regierung, Regierungsform

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - κυβέρνηση, διακυβέρνηση, διοίκηση

Italiano (Italian)
governo, amministrazione, forma di governo, statale

idioms:

• puppet government    governo fantoccio
• shadow government    governo fantasma

Português (Portuguese)
n. - governo (m), direção (f)

idioms:

• puppet government    governo (m) fantoche
• shadow government    governo de oposição (Brit.)

Русский (Russian)
правительство, управление, форма правления

idioms:

• puppet government    марионеточное правительство
• shadow government    оппозиция в британском парламенте

Español (Spanish)
n. - reinado, dominio, gobierno, administración, régimen

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - styrelse, makt, statsskick, regering, rektion (gram.)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
政府, 内阁, 体制, 政体, 政治

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 政府, 內閣, 體制, 政體, 政治

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 통치, 정치, 정부, 통치 구역, 지배, 관리

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 政治, 政体, 支配, 統治, 管理, 規制, 政府, 内閣, 政治学, 国家

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) حكومه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ממשלה, שלטון, מימשל, משרד ממשלתי, היחס בין מילה משעבדת למשועבדת במשפט (דקדוק), הצרכה - השימוש המחויב ביחסה או בצורה מסוימת בסביבת שם או פועל (דקדוק)‬

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