Biochemistry

Acetyl-CoA is a common molecule generated during the breakdown (catabolism) of both fat and glucose. Acetyl-CoA is a key intermediate that enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy through the production of ATP.

After a biochemical reaction, the enzyme remains unchanged and is free to catalyze more reactions. Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction and can be used repeatedly, making them efficient catalysts.

Sexual reproduction is great asset to the nature. In asexual reproduction you will get the exact replica of the original organism. You will get the new type of organism by chance only. In sexual reproduction, you get the new types of organism, almost invariably. Half of the chromosomes come from the female and half of the chromosomes come from the male. That happens through the process of meiosis. There is random assortment of the chromosomes. You can have numerous types of progeny. The better progeny is produced. so the nature is doing only one business. Nature wants better and still better progeny. After you produce the offsprings, nature loses interest in you.

The enzyme responsible for converting glucose to fructose is glucose isomerase. It catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose to fructose. This enzyme is commonly used in the production of high-fructose corn syrup.

Digestion of protein starts from stomach. In stomach the proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin are produced and act of proteins derived from food. But in general, an enzyme can break down proteins anywhere (in lab environment too) if there is optimal condition (such as buffer, pH) is provided.

In science, alpha typically refers to the first letter of the Greek alphabet. It is commonly used in various contexts, such as representing the symbol for angular acceleration, alpha particles in nuclear physics, or significance level in statistical hypothesis testing.

The electrons in a conductor will support the movement of electric current. A conductor is defined as a material with a number of electrons in its makeup that are actually in what is called the conduction band. The conduction band is an energy level where electrons must be to permit conduction in a material. If the minimum energy in the conduction band in a material is such that a lot of electrons in that material are already at or above that level, then these electrons will be available to support current flow. Remember that electron current flow is moving electrons, and it is not about sending an electron into a conductor, like a wire, at one end and getting that same electron out at the other. It is about sending a bunch of them in at one end, and all the electrons already in the conductor move over and a bunch come out the other end. The electrons already in the conduction band within the conductor support current flow in this way.

There are two mechanisms as related to above. Firstly, the removal of All Introns occurs - via the Spliceosome -, and then a "poly AAAAAAA" tail is attached to the [edited] mRna transcript just before its export to the cytoplasmic Ribosomes.

There is no single answer to the question, because there are many known hormones that can be tested. A Hormone is any chemical released by a Gland (any tissue that secretes chemical messages) that affects a different tissue in the body. Hormones control the body's growth functions, as well as the male and female reproductive cycles, immune responses, male and female sexual arousal (arousal not the response), energy, and even the flight or fight response. The most commonly known hormone is Thyroid Stimulating hormone. The most commonly prescribed hormone is the combination of estrogen/progesterone used for birth control.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone most useful in determining whether a woman is pregnant. This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after implantation and its levels rise significantly in the early stages of pregnancy. Pregnancy tests detect hCG in a woman's urine or blood to confirm pregnancy.

Penicillin acylase is also known as penicillin G acylase or penicillin amidase.

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form proteins. Peptide bonds are formed through a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

The energy transformation that changes food into energy for physical activity like playing soccer is known as chemical energy conversion. When you eat food, your body breaks it down into nutrients which are then converted into energy through a process called cellular respiration. This energy is used by your muscles to perform activities like running, kicking the ball, and playing soccer.

Denatured enzymes have lost their specific three-dimensional shape, which is essential for binding to their substrates. Without the correct shape, the enzyme cannot properly interact with the substrate to facilitate the necessary chemical reactions for breaking it down. As a result, denatured enzymes are unable to effectively catalyze the breakdown of their substrates.

Two nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are required to form a peptide bond during protein synthesis. One NTP provides the amino acid while the other NTP provides energy for the bond formation.

Conotoxins have been studied by a variety of scientists and research groups around the world. Some notable researchers in the field of conotoxin biochemistry include Baldomero M. Olivera, Michael McIntosh, and Bruce Livett. Their work has focused on unraveling the structure, function, and potential therapeutic applications of these fascinating compounds found in the venom of cone snails.

Oxaloacetate, also known as oxaloacetic acid, is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is a central pathway in cellular metabolism. It is involved in the conversion of carbohydrates to energy in the form of ATP. Oxaloacetate also plays a role in gluconeogenesis, where it helps to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Yes, in a sense Cellular respiration is just another term for METABOLISM - The Process of Life. Metabolism will use either of the Respiratory Processes - aerobic or anaerobic {with or without Oxygen} - to make the mandatory energy molecule Atp.

Photosynthesis is an aerobic way to provide energy, and Chemosynthesis is the anaerobic way - using, say H2S as the electron donor {instead of say CH4} to produce energy [via the production of Atp] to provide Glucose for Respiration. [It would appear that bacteria at deep-sea-thermal-vents use sulfur to make glucose for Standard Respiration].

There are two main types of receptors for acetylcholine: muscarinic receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors, and nicotinic receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels. Each type of receptor is further classified into different subtypes based on their structure and function.

The term "the sun is rising" is actually quite mistaken it would work fine for a geocentric model of the solar system (where the Earth was the center of the universe), but not for the heliocentric model of the solar system, because the sun is not doing the moving; it's the Earth.

As the our planet rotates, the part facing the sun is ever changing.

One way to think of it is a ball hanging by a string from the ceiling (representing the Earth), turning slowly. Beside that ball is a lightbulb (the sun). So there is always half of the ball that is in light, and half in darkness; but since it is rotating,There is no place that always stays in light or darkness (there would be if I were to add the tilt, but to keep it simple, I won't). Choosing a point just before it hits the light, visualize how it is moving toward the light, and suddenly it is morning, and though it seems that the sun rises, it's just the Earth turning you to face the sun.

I hope that satisfies

=)

Soaking green leaves in ethanol helps remove the green pigment chlorophyll and other pigments, leaving behind a colorless solution. This process is often used in the laboratory to extract plant pigments for further analysis or to study the composition of leaves. Ethanol is able to break down the cell membrane and dissolve the pigments, allowing them to be separated from the leaf tissue.

The filament in a bacterial flagellum is made of a protein called flagellin. Flagellin forms the helical structure of the flagellum filament, providing the bacterium with motility.

To make a 10 percent solution, you would need to dilute the 50 percent solution by adding 4 ml of solvent to 1 ml of the 50 percent solution. This will result in a total volume of 5 ml with a 10 percent concentration.

methylation protects the DNA. Beside using dT instead of dU, most organisms also use various enzymes to modify DNA after it has been synthesized. Two such enzymes, dam and dcmmethylate adenines and cytosines, respectively, along the entire DNA strand. This methylation makes the DNA unrecognizable to many Nucleases (enzymes which break down DNA and RNA), so that it cannot be easily attacked by invaders, like viruses or certain bacteria. Obviously, methylating the nucleotides before they are incorporated ensures that the entire strand of DNA is protected. Thymine also protects the DNA in another way. If you look at the components of nucleic acids, phosphates, sugars, and bases, you see that they are all very hydrophilic (water soluble). Obviously, adding a hydrophobic (water insoluble) methyl group to part of the DNA is going to change the characteristics of the molecule. The major effect is that the methyl group will be repelled by the rest of the DNA, moving it to a fixed position in the major groove of the helix. This solves an important problem with uracil - though it prefers adenine, uracil can base-pair with almost any other base, including itself, depending on how it situates itself in the helix. By tacking it down to a single conformation, the methyl group restricts uracil (thymine) to pairing only with adenine. This greatly improves the efficiency of DNA replication, by reducing the rate of mismatches, and thus mutations. To sum up: the replacement of thymine for uracil in DNA protects the DNA from attack and maintains the fidelity of DNA replication. Sunil Nagpal B.tech(h)Biotechnology 2nd year LPU-Jalandhar(punjab)(INDIA)