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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
Why would your body go through lactic acid fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
Lactic acid will be the temporary end point of cellular respiration while oxygen supplies are limited, as while enduring exertion. This temporary presense of an excess amount of acid in the muscle tissue is what causes the feeling 'muscle burn'.
Why can you use phytomining when it would be too expensive to extract metals in other ways?
I had this question set too. I wasn't sure but I think it's because it is a natural way of extracting metals because the plants naturally absorb the chemicals from the ground. Also because the technology used to create the metals are simple to use.
What is the principal end product of photosynthesis?
The principal end product of photosynthesis is glucose, a simple sugar molecule that serves as the main energy source for plants.
AGS cells are a type of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line commonly used in research. They are derived from a patient with stomach cancer and are often used to study gastric cancer biology and to test potential therapies for this type of cancer. AGS cells exhibit characteristics typical of cancer cells, such as rapid proliferation and the ability to form tumors in animal models.
Autotrophs which make their own food are also called?
Autotrophs that make their own food are also called producers. They use energy from sunlight or inorganic compounds to produce organic molecules through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.
In jam, enzymes are typically not present in significant amounts. However, depending on the ingredients used, some natural enzymes from fruits such as pectinase (breaks down pectin in fruits) may be present. Commercially produced jam may be processed at high temperatures to deactivate any enzymes present.
Is Atp more similar to Rna or DNA?
Someone put DNA here initially. This is definitely false. ATP has a five carbon sugar in a furanose configuration with two hydroxyl groups on the 2,3 carbon. If you look at ATP, it has this same configuration. DNA, which is DEOXYribose, lacks one hydroxyl group. They both have adenine as a nitrogenous base, and both have phosphate groups. So, no, DNA is clearly wrong. An RNA nucleotide with adenine is pretty much adenosine triphosphate (minus the 2 phophate groups).
What assist in the digestion of lipids?
Bile salts produced by the liver help emulsify lipids, breaking them down into smaller particles that are more easily digested by enzymes. Lipase enzymes then work to break down the emulsified lipids into fatty acids and glycerol that can be absorbed by the body. Additionally, the presence of bile and lipase enzymes are important for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Is Neisseria meningitis and neisseria meningitidis the same thing?
Yes ,both are same.It is a gram negative diplococcal bacterium best known for its role in meningitis.
What is a subunit of a carohydrate?
A subunit of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which is a simple sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates like disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Why does the oxygen symbol O not have a subscript?
Because symbols for the elements do not have subscripts. A subscript is added in the chemical formula of a compound to indicate how many atoms of the element are included in a molecule of the compound. For example, when hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) combine to form water (H2O), a subscript 2 is added to the H to indicate there are two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water, but no subscript is added to the O, because there is only one oxygen atom is in a molecule of water.
What is the purpose of incubation in DNA extraction?
Incubation in DNA extraction allows the DNA to be released from cells by breaking down cell membranes and proteins. This process helps separate the DNA from other cellular components, making it easier to isolate and purify the DNA for downstream applications such as PCR or sequencing.
How many enzymes have been identified in humans and are all enzymes specific?
Many thousands of individually functioning Enzymatic Units. Yes, each enzyme has it's own unique chemical reaction to catalyze.
Why is oxidation important in the human body?
Oxidation is important in the human body because it is a key process involved in producing energy from food. It helps break down nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to generate ATP, the body's main energy source. However, excessive oxidation can also lead to the production of free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease.
What is the central dogma and who challenged it?
The term "central dogma" of molecular biology is often taken to mean the flow of information from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell, into messenger RNA via transcription, and thence into proteins (more correctly, polypeptide chains) via translation at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
1. The DNA replicates its information in a process that involves many enzymes: replication.
2. The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription.
3. In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed(essentially by splicing) and migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
4. Messenger RNA carries coded information to ribosomes. The ribosomes "read" this information and use it for protein synthesis. This process is called translation.
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If this question is taken to refer to the above sense of "central dogma", and the "challenge" therefore to the "reverse" flow of information: from RNA to DNA, that was found to be routine in retroviruses (such as HIV, which causes AIDS), using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The names of David Baltimoreand Howard Temin are particularly associated with the discovery of this enzyme.
In fact, this question opens a can of worms! It's all to do with what people take the term "central dogma" to mean.
In 1958 Francis Crick coined two terms for two ideas that were then considered fruitful in guiding future research. This was five years after the publication of Watson and Crick's double-helix model for DNA, and three years before the genetic code began to reveal itself through experiments by Nirenberg and Matthaei ("polyU" coding for phenylalanine, etc.) and by Crick and Brenner (the code consisting of three nucleotides).
The two ideas were:
1
The sequence of residues in DNA informs the biosynthesis of proteins (we would now say polypeptides), specifically the sequence of residues (amino acids). Logically enough, Crick called this idea the sequence hypothesis.
2
Once information (about the sequence of residues) has passed into a protein, it does not come out; in other words, the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain does not influence the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or other polypeptide chains. Crick called this the central dogma.
In later years, among other things:
Watson published a book, Molecular biology of the gene, in which he confused Crick's two points, using the term "central dogma" in a way that relates it to the sequence hypothesis. Watson did not use the term "sequence hypothesis". There has now developed a widespread myth, especially associated with the United States, that the idea of the sequence hypothesis was calledby Crick the "central dogma".
Some people who had not read Crick's paper, and knew little of his mind and modus operandi as a scientist, accused him of trying to stifle research, by being "dogmatic" that information could flow only from DNA to RNA to protein, and never in the reverse direction. Crick never said that, as a read of his 1958 paper confirms.
Crick wrote a note, published in Nature in 1970, trying to put the record straight. He particularly mentioned by name Barry Commoner as someone who had misquoted him (and, implicitly, someone who had used the misquotation to draw false conclusions about Crick's reasoning and motives).
Crick much later admitted that when he chose the word "dogma" he thought it was more or less close in meaning to "hypothesis".
Does Crick's central dogma hold true? NO. 1.) A viruses genome consists of RNA. 2.) The process of DNA to RNA to protein can actually be reversed (aka complementary DNA).
Prions do not challenge Crick's dogma. The modifications to proteins that prions effect are to secondary structure (coiling and so on), not to the primary structure (the amino acid sequence).
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Crick's "Central Dogma" has been contradicted by countless experimental facts. However, "facts don't kill theories - only more advanced theories kill obsolete theories". "The Principle of Recursive Genome Function" (Pellionisz, 2008) showed that by retiring the old mistaken axioms of BOTH JunkDNA and Central Dogma we accomplish the theoretical breakthrough towards "Recursive Genome Function".
What is digested by the enzyme protease?
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids. These amino acids can then be absorbed and used by the body for various functions like building new proteins, repairing tissues, and providing energy.
VeSPER theory, which stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory, is a model used to predict the molecular geometry of molecules based on the repulsion of electron pairs in the valence shell of an atom. It helps to determine the shape of a molecule by considering the arrangement of bonding and nonbonding electron pairs around the central atom. It is a useful tool in understanding the properties and behavior of molecules in chemistry.
Is the secondary structure more polar than the linear amino acid sequence?
Protein tertiary structure is 3-D. Secondary structure is 2-D or linear.
I. e. the linear a-a sequence is the secondary structure.
Amino-acid monomers comprise the primary structure.
Does alcohol cause acidosis or alkalosis?
Alcohol can cause metabolic acidosis due to its influence on metabolism and disruption of the acid-base balance in the body. However, chronic alcohol use can also lead to conditions such as alcoholic ketoacidosis, which is a specific type of metabolic acidosis associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
What causes the electrons to become excited and move into the electron transport chain?
Electrons become excited in the electron transport chain due to the energy input from electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers donate the electrons to the proteins in the chain, creating a flow of electrons that drives the production of ATP.
Relate the properties of carbon to the formation of organic compounds?
Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds allows it to bond with a variety of other elements, creating a diverse range of organic compounds. Its ability to bond with itself in long chains or rings allows for the formation of complex structures with different properties. Carbon's ability to form double and triple bonds further increases the diversity of organic compounds that can be formed.
What is the job of the catalase enzyme?
Catalase breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide in living organisms (in both plants and animals) into water and oxygen.
2H2O2 (reaction of catalase) produces 2H2O + O2
What is the difference between enzyme and active site?
An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. The active site is a region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the catalytic reaction takes place. The active site is crucial for the enzyme to function properly and interact with its substrate.
