Biochemistry

Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages. They used radioactive isotopes to track the transmission of DNA and protein from the phage to the bacteria during infection, showing that it was the DNA that carried the genetic information.

The body prefers to use glucose for energy because it can be quickly broken down during glycolysis to produce ATP, which is the primary energy source for cells. While lipids can also be used for energy, they require more complex metabolic processes to convert them into ATP, making glucose a more efficient and readily available energy source.

It is recommended to consume more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, as they provide sustained energy and essential nutrients. These foods also contain fiber, which is important for digestion and overall health.

The ability to decompose involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. It helps in understanding the problem's structure, identifying key components, and solving it step by step.

The products of hydrolysis are typically the breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller units through the addition of water. For example, hydrolysis of a polysaccharide like starch results in the formation of monosaccharides like glucose. Similarly, hydrolysis of a triglyceride yields fatty acids and glycerol.

Simple diffusion is the net movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration so its overall net movement is along the concentration gradient. Simple diffusion does not require energy therefore it is 'passive', substances are diffused across the membrane between the phospholipids.

Once the oxygen in milk has been used up, lactic acid bacteria start to metabolize lactose and produce lactic acid as a byproduct. This buildup of lactic acid leads to a decrease in pH and an increase in acidity in the milk.

Life is basically little soap bubbles with water and enzymes floating around inside.

There is no life, as we know it, without enzymes. Enzymes impact every aspect of life like, energy production, reproduction, and everything else.

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are prokaryotes.

Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. Bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion (about 1-2µm in diameter and 10 µm long). Prokaryotic cells feature three major shapes: rod shaped, spherical, and spiral. Instead of going through elaborate replication processes like eukaryotes, bacterial cells divide by binary fission.

Diagram of a prokaryotic cell. Notice the internal organelles are not easily distinguishable.

Bacteria perform many important functions on earth. They serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our own digestive system. Also, bacteria are involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants. Unlike eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism, prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions. For example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in their metabolism.They are usually very small in size as compared to eukaryotic celles

1. All the organism are composed of one or more cell.

2. A cell is the basic unit of all living organism.

3.New cell are formed by the division or preexisting cells.

Examples of anaerobic bacteria would be Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum. Both of these bacteria are pathogens or disease causing organisms: tetani causes tetanus or lockjaw, botulinum causes botulism or food poisoning. Note that both of these organisms flourish in conditions of low oxygen. Aerobic bacteria would include Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio comma.

Hypogonadism is a condition characterized by low levels of testosterone in males, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, and mood changes. Treatment may involve testosterone replacement therapy.

The major symptoms caused by hyperventilation are caused by the decrease in arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) caused by hyperventilation. Breathing into a bag causes you to rebreathe CO2 and raise the CO2 level, which causes the symptoms to go away. The danger of this is that you can actually raise the CO2 level too much and cause other problems.

The electron transport chain helps to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient drives the movement of protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase, which then synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

An organic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH (OH). COOH. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic glycolysisLactic acid system An anaerobic energy system in which ATP is manufactured from the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. The acid is then converted to lactic acid. High-intensity activities lasting up to about two or three min use this energy system during which the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is coupled with a net production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule metabolized.

Saliva contains water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes (such as amylase for breaking down carbohydrates), and antibacterial compounds. These macromolecules help with digestion, lubrication, and protection within the oral cavity.

human body requires more amount of water for all metabolic process. water plays many crucial roles in body metabolism and mechanism. usally human body consumes 15 lit / day internally and its recommended to take 3 Lits of water/day. The kidney distilled the blood and excrete the ammonia waste with water. Minimum 1.5 Lit of water excreted per day via the kidney in the form of Urine. Sweat also excrete small amount of water from the body to maintain the body temperature.

Yes, acetic acid is a weak acid commonly used in biological buffers due to its ability to resist pH changes. It is often used in buffer solutions to maintain a stable pH in biological experiments and biochemical reactions.

GLUCOSE IS VERY DEFINITELY POLAR WITH OH (HYDROXYL) GROUPS ALL OVER IT, WHICH ARE THEMSELVES VERY POLAR. THE MOLECULE IS ALSO VERY UNSYMMETRICAL WHICH TENDS TO MAKE IT POLAR. THE FACT THAT GLUCOSE IS EXTREMELY SOLUBLE IN WATER (ANOTHER POLAR SUBSTANCE) SHOWS THAT GLUCOSE IS POLAR SINCE "POLAR DISSOLVES IN POLAR" AND "NONPOLAR DISSOLVES IN NONPOLAR" (LIKE WAX AND GASOLINE)

Aspirin is a weak acid that can dissolve in water due to its polar structure and hydrogen bonding. When aspirin is added to a carbohydrate solution, it can form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate molecules, helping it dissolve more readily in the solution.

The energy for photosynthesis reactions comes from sunlight. These reactions take place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the thylakoid membrane where pigments like chlorophyll capture light energy to drive the process of photosynthesis.

Hydrophilic molecules are those that dissolve in or interact with water. Hydrophilic molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, salts and metabolic molecules like glucose and amino acids.

The fatty component of lipids [fats and oils], the -CH2- tail, is strictly hydrophobic.

The amount of light a jungle receives can vary depending on factors like the density of the canopy, time of year, and geographical location. On average, jungles typically receive about 2-5% of the sunlight that reaches the top of the canopy, resulting in dappled or filtered light conditions throughout the day.

A single starch molecule contents few thousands glucose monomers in single molecule.

Glucose oxidizes very quickly, and creates a silver mirror layer between the glucose solution and the Tollens' reagent. This is because of how the ketose reacts and reduces the silver molecules in Tollen's reagent.