Biochemistry

Because symbols for the elements do not have subscripts. A subscript is added in the chemical formula of a compound to indicate how many atoms of the element are included in a molecule of the compound. For example, when hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) combine to form water (H2O), a subscript 2 is added to the H to indicate there are two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water, but no subscript is added to the O, because there is only one oxygen atom is in a molecule of water.

Incubation in DNA extraction allows the DNA to be released from cells by breaking down cell membranes and proteins. This process helps separate the DNA from other cellular components, making it easier to isolate and purify the DNA for downstream applications such as PCR or sequencing.

Many thousands of individually functioning Enzymatic Units. Yes, each enzyme has it's own unique chemical reaction to catalyze.

Oxidation is important in the human body because it is a key process involved in producing energy from food. It helps break down nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to generate ATP, the body's main energy source. However, excessive oxidation can also lead to the production of free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease.

Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids. These amino acids can then be absorbed and used by the body for various functions like building new proteins, repairing tissues, and providing energy.

VeSPER theory, which stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory, is a model used to predict the molecular geometry of molecules based on the repulsion of electron pairs in the valence shell of an atom. It helps to determine the shape of a molecule by considering the arrangement of bonding and nonbonding electron pairs around the central atom. It is a useful tool in understanding the properties and behavior of molecules in chemistry.

Protein tertiary structure is 3-D. Secondary structure is 2-D or linear.

I. e. the linear a-a sequence is the secondary structure.

Amino-acid monomers comprise the primary structure.

Alcohol can cause metabolic acidosis due to its influence on metabolism and disruption of the acid-base balance in the body. However, chronic alcohol use can also lead to conditions such as alcoholic ketoacidosis, which is a specific type of metabolic acidosis associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

Electrons become excited in the electron transport chain due to the energy input from electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers donate the electrons to the proteins in the chain, creating a flow of electrons that drives the production of ATP.

Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds allows it to bond with a variety of other elements, creating a diverse range of organic compounds. Its ability to bond with itself in long chains or rings allows for the formation of complex structures with different properties. Carbon's ability to form double and triple bonds further increases the diversity of organic compounds that can be formed.

Catalase breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide in living organisms (in both plants and animals) into water and oxygen.

2H2O2 (reaction of catalase) produces 2H2O + O2

An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. The active site is a region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the catalytic reaction takes place. The active site is crucial for the enzyme to function properly and interact with its substrate.

Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages. They used radioactive isotopes to track the transmission of DNA and protein from the phage to the bacteria during infection, showing that it was the DNA that carried the genetic information.

The body prefers to use glucose for energy because it can be quickly broken down during glycolysis to produce ATP, which is the primary energy source for cells. While lipids can also be used for energy, they require more complex metabolic processes to convert them into ATP, making glucose a more efficient and readily available energy source.

It is recommended to consume more complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, as they provide sustained energy and essential nutrients. These foods also contain fiber, which is important for digestion and overall health.

The ability to decompose involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. It helps in understanding the problem's structure, identifying key components, and solving it step by step.

The products of hydrolysis are typically the breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller units through the addition of water. For example, hydrolysis of a polysaccharide like starch results in the formation of monosaccharides like glucose. Similarly, hydrolysis of a triglyceride yields fatty acids and glycerol.

Simple diffusion is the net movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration so its overall net movement is along the concentration gradient. Simple diffusion does not require energy therefore it is 'passive', substances are diffused across the membrane between the phospholipids.

Once the oxygen in milk has been used up, lactic acid bacteria start to metabolize lactose and produce lactic acid as a byproduct. This buildup of lactic acid leads to a decrease in pH and an increase in acidity in the milk.

Life is basically little soap bubbles with water and enzymes floating around inside.

There is no life, as we know it, without enzymes. Enzymes impact every aspect of life like, energy production, reproduction, and everything else.

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope. Cells in the monera kingdom such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) are prokaryotes.

Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. Bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion (about 1-2µm in diameter and 10 µm long). Prokaryotic cells feature three major shapes: rod shaped, spherical, and spiral. Instead of going through elaborate replication processes like eukaryotes, bacterial cells divide by binary fission.

Diagram of a prokaryotic cell. Notice the internal organelles are not easily distinguishable.

Bacteria perform many important functions on earth. They serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our own digestive system. Also, bacteria are involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants. Unlike eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism, prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions. For example, some bacteria use sulfur instead of oxygen in their metabolism.They are usually very small in size as compared to eukaryotic celles

1. All the organism are composed of one or more cell.

2. A cell is the basic unit of all living organism.

3.New cell are formed by the division or preexisting cells.

Examples of anaerobic bacteria would be Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum. Both of these bacteria are pathogens or disease causing organisms: tetani causes tetanus or lockjaw, botulinum causes botulism or food poisoning. Note that both of these organisms flourish in conditions of low oxygen. Aerobic bacteria would include Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio comma.

Hypogonadism is a condition characterized by low levels of testosterone in males, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, and mood changes. Treatment may involve testosterone replacement therapy.