Biochemistry

Enhancers are at considerable distances from the promoter and can be moved or inverted and still function. Promoter-proximal elements are close to the promoter and their position and orientation must be maintained.

The lock and key model suggests that proteins interact with other molecules in a specific and precise manner, similar to how a lock only fits with a specific key. In this model, the protein (lock) is complementary in shape to the molecule it interacts with (key), ensuring a precise and selective binding interaction.

Chemical reactions need to keep moving in one direction or the other-- either giving off energy, or using it up. If chemical reactions were at equilibrium, no energy is being absorbed nor given off, therefore nothing would happen.

A nucleotide is composed of three basic components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base (either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine/uracil).

Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the release of gastric acid, aiding in the digestion of food. It also plays a role in regulating the emptying of the stomach and the movement of food through the digestive tract. Abnormal levels of gastrin can lead to conditions like gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Plants can use PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) to make various organic compounds such as glucose for energy production, cellulose for cell walls, and lipids for cell membranes. Additionally, PGAL can be used in the production of amino acids and other compounds essential for plant growth and development.

cellulose has beta1-4 linkages and is not branched and has only one reducing end so it is much harder to break down hence why it is used for structure. and starch is highly branched and has many reducing ends, it is made of alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages. The alpha 1-6 give the branching leading to many reducing ends which is why it is used for storage

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) resembles bacterial DNA in terms of size, structure, and gene content. This is because chloroplasts are believed to have originated from an ancient endosymbiotic event where a photosynthetic bacterium was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell.

Unsaturation in the hydrocarbon tails of membrane lipids introduces kinks in the structure, which prevents the lipids from packing tightly together. This increases the fluidity of the membrane, allowing it to remain flexible and dynamic at different temperatures.

Photosynthesis is essential because it produces oxygen, which animals need for cellular respiration to generate energy. It also produces glucose, which serves as a primary source of food for many animals in the form of plants. Without photosynthesis, oxygen levels would decrease, and food sources for animals would be severely limited.

Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant uses a combination of its chemicals and sunlight to split water into H and O. The H is used by the plant to build more complex chemicals, and the O is a waste gas. Chlorophyll is the important chemical the green plants use to photosynthesize. Red and Brown seaweeds use different chemicals with different colours.

Because if enzymes are exposed to very high temperature they get damaged and don't work properly but they also need pretty high temperature to work to their maximum quickness. Body temperature is PERFECT!

Starch is made up of amylose and amylopectin. Both of these are polymers of glucose molecules.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is responsible for helping to build ribosomes, which are complex molecular machines that facilitate protein synthesis in cells. Specifically, rRNA plays a crucial role in assisting with the binding of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation, ensuring that the correct amino acids are brought together to form a protein.

Vitamin K is the fat-soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in blood clotting.

Yeh, Its An Active Enzyme, i Think Its Mostly Active In Heat; Not Too Sure Though

But It Is Definatley Active :)

By definition a neutral solution has pH or pOH of 7, and pH + pOH= 14.

The reason for pH maxing out at 14 is easiest to explain by examining what happens at low or negative pH values. Looking at what would go on at a pH of <0 to generate a pOH of >14. It is possible to calculate solutions which meet this criteria , but do they really exist?

Any acid that yields a concentration of hydrogen ions with a molarity greater than 1 will be calculated to have a negative pH. Any glass pH electrodes dipped in such a solution would exhibit 'acid error' which causes them to measure a higher pH than the real pH.

Another technical problem is that strong acids do not fully dissociate at high concentrations. Using HCl as an example some of the hydrogen would remain bound to the chlorine so the true pH would be higher than the calculated pH

Even the definition of how we calculate pH starts to fall apart. Normally pH isis calculated as -log [H+] (negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion molarity). This would have to be corrected to be pH = - log aH+ (negative pf the logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity) for reasons that dont need to be covered here.

No. Titanium is a metallic element. Metals don't form molecules.

Lugol's reagent detects the presence of starch, which is a polysaccharide macromolecule made up of glucose units. The reagent turns blue-black in the presence of starch.

Viruses lack the ability to carry out metabolic processes on their own, such as growth and reproduction, which are characteristics of living organisms. They also do not have cellular structure like living organisms do.

No, milk is not an unsaturated fat. Milk contains a mixture of fats, including saturated fats and small amounts of unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats are typically found in foods like nuts, seeds, oils, and fatty fish.

phospholipids, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a barrier that selectively allows substances to pass through.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) is used as a nutrient source in yeast culture media for its source of phosphate and potassium. These nutrients are essential for carbohydrate metabolism in yeast, supporting processes like glycolysis and fermentation. The presence of KH2PO4 helps optimize the growth and productivity of yeast cells during fermentation processes.

The empirical formula for maltose is C12H22O11, for sucrose it is C12H22O11, and for lactose it is C12H22O11. This means that all three sugars have the same empirical formula.