Copernicus

Galileo did not prove that Earth was not flat (It had already been agreed that it was round). Galileo invented the telescope and used it to prove that there were objects which did not orbit the Earth, supporting Copernicus' Heliocentric model for the universe. The Earth was known to be round by the ancient Greeks, but I do not who it found out initially (sorry).

Nicolaus Copernicus became a canon in 1497 when he was appointed to the position at the Frombork Cathedral in Warmia, Poland. This role allowed him to focus on his astronomical studies while also fulfilling his duties as a church official. His work as a canon also provided him with the resources and time to develop his heliocentric model of the solar system, which he famously published in "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" in 1543.

I am not sure in what depth you would like this answered but Copernicus was the first to show evidence that the earth orbited the sun and not vice versa which was what scientists at that time believed.

Copernicus' calculations were considered extreme because saying that the earth is not the center of the universe is saying that ______ is also not the center the universe.

This is Scott number 1488 issued in 1973. A mint copy is 40 cents and 15 cents in used condition.

Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń was created on 1945-08-24.

He was qualified as a minister and a canon of Frauenburg Cathedral.

Galileo was born 19 years after Copernicus died.

Galileo and Copernicus challenged the medieval view of a geocentric universe, where Earth was considered the center of the universe, by proposing a heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center. Their studies provided evidence that supported the idea that Earth revolved around the Sun, leading to a shift in the understanding of the cosmos and a reevaluation of humanity's place in the universe.

nicolaus copernicus' father died when he himself was at the age of 10..
when nicolaus Copernicus was 10 years old

The scientist that made highly accurate measurements that first disapproved the theories of Ptolmy and Copernicus was called Brahe.

The heliocentric, or Sun-centered, system was first theorized by Nicolaus Copernicus.

Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of the universe, so that the stars, the other planets and the sun revolved around the earth; Copernicus realized that for the orbits of the planets to make sense, the earth and the other planets had to revolve around the sun.

Copernicus kept his work on the heliocentric model of the solar system secret because it challenged the widely accepted geocentric model supported by the church and prominent scholars of his time. He may have feared backlash, controversy, or persecution for presenting a theory that contradicted existing beliefs.

No. He died of natural causes.

Galileo was the first scientist to turn a telscope on the night sky and record his results. He had enough scientific training to understand the importance of what he saw.

Galileo's discovery of the four moons orbiting Jupiter opened up the question of whether everything must orbit round the Earth. Then his discovery of the full range of Venus's phases indicated a definite fault with the Ptolemaic system.

Galileo said that this must prove the correctness of the Copernican system. However the system that was eventually adopted was that of Kepler. It resembled the Copernican system with the Sun at the centre. Eventually Newton explained why the planets follow Kepler's laws through the operation of the force of gravity.

He studied medicine, math, Economics, politics, and had a doctorate in canon law.

Copernicus proposed a new model of the planets as they move among the stars, and it was published in 1543, the year he died.

The model was similar to Ptolemy's model that had been used for 1400 years, in that it used circles and epicycles. The difference was that the new theory had the Sun at the centre instead of the Earth.

Copernicus said it was a simpler model, and it was in a sense. It had just as many or even more epicycles to allow for the eccentricity of the planets' orbits and their inclination to the ecliptic (as now understood), but the epicycles were reduced in size, in some cases by a lot.

In the Ptolemaic model each planet had its major epicycle approximately equal to the size of the Earth's orbit (as we know know), while Copernicus's model used much smaller epicycles.

However both models were rejected when Kepler came up with his idea that the orbits are ellipses, and, later, Newton's discoveries showed why they have to be ellipses. So the earlier models were consigned to the history books - except for the idea of having the Sun at the centre.

Essentially he took the center of the cosmos and changed it from everything circling the Earth, to everything circling the sun. While not the first to propose this, he was the first to have his incantation of this idea spread widely. He did not change from the idea of crystalline spheres or remove epicycles and deferents. He used circular motion, not ellipses (that wouldn't happen until Kepler). It was a radical proposition nonetheless and it was rejected as incorrect or even heresy for quite some time.

He worked on his theory for years, but it was only published in the year of his death, in 1543.

no

He placed the Sun in the middle of the Solar System, instead of the original format where the Sun, Earth, and moon were all in the middle.

Copernicus used mathematics to argue that the Sun is the center of the solar system, giving people a convincing alternative to the Catholic Church's Earth-centered model.

Yes, he did. He primarily copied direct work and answers from the books, and works of legendary Muslim scholars Al- Batani, Ar- Razi (Greek name: Rhazes), Al- Tusi, e.t.c. Copernicus's works were not as accurate as the Muslim scholars 200 years before him, therefore, he could not help but to copy from their works. I am not 100% sure if he cited his copying.

Johannes Kepler came up with his first law in 1618 which says that every planet moves in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus (an ellipse has two of these).

It differs from earlier theories, which were not bad, just complicated, that the planets move in a system of circles. There would be a circle for the main orbit, then another small circle to allow for the fact that each planet is sometimes closer to the Sun or further away than normal, then another small circle to allow for the inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic, and so on.

Circles were added to make the planets' observed positions agree with the predictions. Each planet moves round each of its small circles once in the time it takes to go right round its main circle. Copernicus's system with the Sun at the centre had a total of 48 circles for the planets out to Saturn.