Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

Are there any civilized peoples on earth who do not?

Copernicus's theory was called the Heliocentric Theory. It said that the Earth and planets orbited around the sun, and the Sun was the center of the universe. The previous theory, mainly advocated by the Catholic Church, was called the Geocentric Theory; which stated that the Sun and planets orbited around the Earth, and that the Earth was the center of the Universe.

I doubt it -- Copernicus never married or had any children.

During the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, astronomers Copernicus and Galileo discovered controversial information about the universe. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric theory that suggested the sun was the center of the universe which Galileo supported with more evidence. Copernicus's work "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" and Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World" were both declared unbiblical by the church. Both Copernicus and Galileo were thought of as going against the official position of the church and the church didn't like this because they didn't want people to doubt them. This also upset the church because they believed the sun was created for the earth to provide light and the fact that the earth spins on its axis and orbits the sun would prove the bible is inaccurate. When Galileo was ordered to recant his works, he agreed but as he walked away mumbled "And yet it does move".

he did his drawings of his heliocentric theory which became art of renaissance during his time period

At that time, many people believed that the world was flat. Some still do.

It was Ptolemy's model. Ptolemy's model came from ancient times while Copernicus's was much later (1543).Both models represented the planets' orbits by using combinations of circles and epicycles to explain the way the planets move among the stars.Copernicus found that the orbits of the inner planets could be explained more simply. That is to say that the epicycles used for all the orbits were smaller, and for the inner planets a lot smaller.Both models represented the planets' positions with reasonable accuracy given the crude observational methods used in those days.Until gravity and the laws of dynamics were discovered about 150 years after the publication of Copernicus's system, there was no way of deciding which model was the 'right' one.

Nicholas Copernicus' success can be attributed to his groundbreaking heliocentric theory, which challenged the prevailing geocentric model of the universe. His dedication to observations and mathematical calculations allowed him to propose that the Earth revolves around the Sun, marking a significant shift in our understanding of the cosmos. This theory laid the foundation for modern astronomy and influenced scientific thought for centuries to come.

No

Only Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

Uranus was discovered in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and Pluto n 1930.

Kepler and Copernicus found solar system and said that earth revolves around the sun.

Galileo used more advanced technology to find stronger observational evidence than Copernicus was ever able to provide.

The sun was the centre of the Universe

Yes, in 1543, the year of his death.

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, which states that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. This was a significant shift from the previously held geocentric model, where it was believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe. Copernicus' theory revolutionized astronomy and our understanding of the solar system.

The main response to his theory came from the Catholic Church. In this time period the church taught that man was the center of the universe and his theory proved that wasn't true. The church put him on trial for questioning the dogma that they preached. Others were very careful not to have the church turn their eye on them.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a wealthy man as he came from a family of merchants in Poland. However, his wealth was not on the level of the nobility or great aristocrats of his time. He was financially comfortable due to his inheritance and income from his work as a church canon and administrator.

There is no definitive information on Nicolaus Copernicus's exact weight or body composition as historical records do not provide this detail. Copernicus is known for his contributions to astronomy, particularly for proposing a heliocentric model of the solar system.

The fixed stars were thought to be fixed on a large sphere, outside the planets, that rotated daily.

The issue in those days was to explain the complex movements of the planets, and the stars were just considered very far away.

The lack of of parallax - apparent regular movements of stars as the Earth travels round its orbit - were used as a proof that the Earth is at the centre, as Galileo maintained in his early years.

It was not until 200 years later, in 1838, that Bessel discovered a regular yearly movement in the nearby star 61 Cygni, and knowing the size of the Earth's orbit he calculated a distance of 10 light-years for 61 Cygni. That was when the unimaginable distances of the stars was first realised.

Galileo did not propose a heliocentric theory, he agreed with Copernicus and his heliocentric theory.

The Catholic church, at the time, disagreed and they held a huge amount of power and put him on trial.

nicolaus copernicus has never had anyproblems

The idea is simply explained by looking at the Earth and Mars orbiting the Sun, as we now know they do, and assume circular orbits for simplicity. The Earth's orbit has a radius of 1.000 and it goes round in 365.25 days, while Mars's orbit has a radius of 1.524 and it goes round in 687 days.

Now suppose some outside force has decreed that the Earth stays still. How is the movement of Mars explained now? well, all you have to do is put Mars on an epicycle so that the centre of the epicycle has the same circle with radius 1.524, going round in 687 days, but in addition to this the epicycle has a radius of 1.000 and Mars goes round that (as well) in 365.25 days.

In this way the Ptolemaic system explains all the observed behaviour of the Mars while allowing the Earth to remain fixed at the centre. Extra epicycles were added to allow for eccentricity and inclination of the orbits.

Don't forget there was no dynamical theory underlying the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories: they only aimed to reproduce the observed movements of the planets among the fixed stars.

Of course Copernicus had a different starting-point from us, he started with the Earth at the centre, but he must have been impressed about the gain in simplicity achieved by placing the Sun at the centre instead of the Earth.

They were not angered by the conjectures of Copernicus and Galileo, but they were displeased with Galileo trumpeting that the heliocentric principle with the Sun at the centre was the absolute truth, without enough evidence in the church's opinion, and writing a book that ridiculed the Pope.

In court Galileo was asked for proof and after being unable to provide it he recanted and was let off with a light sentence.

However in the following centuries more evidence piled up and a new and accurate dynamic model of the solar system, which had the Sun at the centre, was devised by scientists including Newton and Lagrange.

During Galileo's lifetime there was not enough evidence so he was wrong in the light of knowledge as it stood during his lifetime, but the principle was later generally accepted.

Galileo in his early years had supported the geocentric theory with the Earth at the centre, arguing that the 'fixed' stars showed no apparent movement as the Earth supposedly travelled round the Sun, therefore the Earth must be fixed. This point was not answered until 1838 when Bessel measured the parallax of a nearby star that moved a very small amount in time with the Earth's progress round the Sun. Thus it took until the 19th century for techniques to be discovered that could observe the very slight movements of nearby stars and this was the killer blow for the geocentric theory.