Photosynthesis

Within Chloroplasts.

by the name it tell that which colour it contains chloro means green colour

The requirements of the light reaction in photosynthesis are light energy, water, and chlorophyll. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, initiating a series of reactions that ultimately produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. Water molecules are split in a process called photolysis to provide electrons and protons for the light reactions.

The main pigments involved in photosynthesis are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. These pigments are responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis. Each pigment absorbs light at specific wavelengths, allowing the plant to efficiently capture energy from sunlight.

Light is required to drive the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which produce ATP and NADPH that are used in the dark reactions. In the dark reactions (Calvin cycle), the rate of CO2 fixation and conversion into sugars increases when there is an adequate supply of ATP and NADPH generated from the light reactions, thereby enhancing the overall photosynthetic process.

Excess sugar produced during photosynthesis is converted into starch through a process called polymerization. Enzymes like starch synthase help link glucose molecules together to form starch chains. This starch is stored in plant cells and serves as an energy reserve for the plant.

When a photon strikes a pigment molecule such as chlorophyll, the energy from the photon is passed to the chlorophyll. This energy then continues to pass between molecules until it hits the reaction center, where the reaction of photosynthesis' glucose creation occurs.

A "law of conservation" is a law, in physics, that states that some quantity doesn't change over time. There are several conservation laws; such as the law of conservation of mass, of energy, of momentum, of rotational momentum, of electric charge, of color charge, and several others more.

The oxygen in water comes from the dissolved oxygen gas in the atmosphere. It gets into the water through a process called diffusion, where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Plants undergo modifications to adapt to their environment, increase their chances of survival, and enhance their reproductive success. These modifications can include changes in structure, physiology, or behavior to meet the challenges posed by their surroundings, such as dealing with extreme temperatures, limited water availability, or competing for resources.

Another important photosynthetic bacterial group-Halobacteria thrive in very salty environments, such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake. Halobacteria are unique in that they perform photosynthesis without chlorophyll. Instead, their photosynthetic pigments are bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. These pigments are similar to sensory rhodopsin, the pigment used by humans and other animals for vision. Bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin are embedded in the cell membranes of halobacteria and each pigment consists of retinal, a vitamin-A derivative, bound to a protein. Irradiation of these pigments causes a structural change in their retinal. This is referred to as photoisomerization. Retinal photoisomerization leads to the synthesis of ATP. Halobacteria have two additional rhodopsins, sensory rhodopsin-I and sensory rhodopsin-II. These compounds regulate phototaxis, the directional movement in response to light.

The optimum wavelength of chlorophyll is 430nm (in a light spectrum of 380nm-750nm going in 10 incements)

We did a lab and it required us to determine the optimum wavelength of chlorophyll by testing the absorbance of light in 10nm increments from 380nm-750nm.

Optimum wavelength is the wavelength of light that is absorbed best by a substance.

So when we tested all the wavelngths 380-750 in 10 increments (380,390,400,410,420....) 430 had the highest absorbance.

we used a Spec 20 machine to find the absorbance.

The Study of Biology includes the study of Molecular /Ecology Biology,Cells, Living nonliving things, our environment, Genetics, Evolution, a little bit of Chemistry and Physics, Behavioral Biology, Physiology,Geography, in short, all sciences combined make Biology- study of life.

Enzymes stop working at high teperatures during photosynthesis because the heat changes their shape. If the enzymes shape is altered then it can not catalize what it is supposed to.

Living organisms grow by increasing the number of cells in their body through cell division and by accumulating more biomolecules. This growth process is regulated by genetic factors, environmental conditions, and nutrient availability. As organisms grow, their tissues and organs develop, allowing them to increase in size and complexity.

Joseph Black, Scottish chemist and physician, in 1754.

This is an excellent question! Glucose is found all types of food, most prominently in meats and carbohydrates. When the body takes in food, salivary glands activate immediately to produce large amount of amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates. Once the food enters the body and reaches the stomach, glucose is converted into glycogen by pepsin (acids in the stomach). Glycogen is then diffused through the stomach linings into the liver where it is stored for future uses. Keep in mind that the liver can only hold up to 100g of glucose in the form of glycogen therefore, most of the excess glycogen is stored in the muscle. Since muscles make up a great portion of the human body, it is capable of storing up to 500g of glucose in the form of glycogen. The rest of the glucose would then fuse into the bloodstream and travels through major organs in order for the organs to carry our their functions. Hope you found this helpful.

The energy produced by an ecosystem is consumed by its inhabitants, you have to think of it like a circle. Start with plants who use water, sunshine, and nutrients from the soil and produce oxygen and a food source ( energy ) for living herbavores, who in turn eat the plants ( promoting growth, spreading pollen, and opening up the canopy for sun to penetrate ), breathe oxygen and release CO2 which is used by plants, and excrete nutrients for the soil. These animals are in turn eaten by carnivores who do the same but keep the numbers of herbavores in check so that the plants are not over grazed, Insects feed on the waste and convert it further into a useable food source for the plants and provide a food source for birds and reptiles. In an ecosystem each component provides for the needs of the other creating a balance where nothing is wasted. Water is a non renewable resource in the chain that must be provided from the outside in all cases except in a sealed ecosystem where evaporation is recollected as rainfall or in condensation. Solar energy is used by the plants for photosynthesis. I had an aquarium that worked like a marine ecosystem, the fish excreted amonia and used oxygen, the plants gave off oxygen, used the amonia and CO2 to grow and a controlled growth of algae consumed the extra nitrates in a bio wheel to keep the water liveable for the fish. I needed to add food for the fish so that they would not eat too much of the plants and water to make up for evaporation but otherwise it was self sustaining. It is important however not to tip the scales in the favor of any one of the elements for risk of throwing off the balance. I.E. too many fish will create too much waste and use too much oxygen for the rest of the system to compensate for.

Echinacea is primarily native to North America and can be found growing in the prairies, meadows, and open woodlands of the central and eastern regions of the continent. It thrives in well-drained soil and full sun, commonly seen in grasslands and open areas. Echinacea plants are also cultivated in gardens around the world for their medicinal and ornamental properties.