Photosynthesis

A "law of conservation" is a law, in physics, that states that some quantity doesn't change over time. There are several conservation laws; such as the law of conservation of mass, of energy, of momentum, of rotational momentum, of electric charge, of color charge, and several others more.

The oxygen in water comes from the dissolved oxygen gas in the atmosphere. It gets into the water through a process called diffusion, where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Plants undergo modifications to adapt to their environment, increase their chances of survival, and enhance their reproductive success. These modifications can include changes in structure, physiology, or behavior to meet the challenges posed by their surroundings, such as dealing with extreme temperatures, limited water availability, or competing for resources.

Another important photosynthetic bacterial group-Halobacteria thrive in very salty environments, such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake. Halobacteria are unique in that they perform photosynthesis without chlorophyll. Instead, their photosynthetic pigments are bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. These pigments are similar to sensory rhodopsin, the pigment used by humans and other animals for vision. Bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin are embedded in the cell membranes of halobacteria and each pigment consists of retinal, a vitamin-A derivative, bound to a protein. Irradiation of these pigments causes a structural change in their retinal. This is referred to as photoisomerization. Retinal photoisomerization leads to the synthesis of ATP. Halobacteria have two additional rhodopsins, sensory rhodopsin-I and sensory rhodopsin-II. These compounds regulate phototaxis, the directional movement in response to light.

The optimum wavelength of chlorophyll is 430nm (in a light spectrum of 380nm-750nm going in 10 incements)

We did a lab and it required us to determine the optimum wavelength of chlorophyll by testing the absorbance of light in 10nm increments from 380nm-750nm.

Optimum wavelength is the wavelength of light that is absorbed best by a substance.

So when we tested all the wavelngths 380-750 in 10 increments (380,390,400,410,420....) 430 had the highest absorbance.

we used a Spec 20 machine to find the absorbance.

The Study of Biology includes the study of Molecular /Ecology Biology,Cells, Living nonliving things, our environment, Genetics, Evolution, a little bit of Chemistry and Physics, Behavioral Biology, Physiology,Geography, in short, all sciences combined make Biology- study of life.

Enzymes stop working at high teperatures during photosynthesis because the heat changes their shape. If the enzymes shape is altered then it can not catalize what it is supposed to.

Living organisms grow by increasing the number of cells in their body through cell division and by accumulating more biomolecules. This growth process is regulated by genetic factors, environmental conditions, and nutrient availability. As organisms grow, their tissues and organs develop, allowing them to increase in size and complexity.

Joseph Black, Scottish chemist and physician, in 1754.

This is an excellent question! Glucose is found all types of food, most prominently in meats and carbohydrates. When the body takes in food, salivary glands activate immediately to produce large amount of amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates. Once the food enters the body and reaches the stomach, glucose is converted into glycogen by pepsin (acids in the stomach). Glycogen is then diffused through the stomach linings into the liver where it is stored for future uses. Keep in mind that the liver can only hold up to 100g of glucose in the form of glycogen therefore, most of the excess glycogen is stored in the muscle. Since muscles make up a great portion of the human body, it is capable of storing up to 500g of glucose in the form of glycogen. The rest of the glucose would then fuse into the bloodstream and travels through major organs in order for the organs to carry our their functions. Hope you found this helpful.

The energy produced by an ecosystem is consumed by its inhabitants, you have to think of it like a circle. Start with plants who use water, sunshine, and nutrients from the soil and produce oxygen and a food source ( energy ) for living herbavores, who in turn eat the plants ( promoting growth, spreading pollen, and opening up the canopy for sun to penetrate ), breathe oxygen and release CO2 which is used by plants, and excrete nutrients for the soil. These animals are in turn eaten by carnivores who do the same but keep the numbers of herbavores in check so that the plants are not over grazed, Insects feed on the waste and convert it further into a useable food source for the plants and provide a food source for birds and reptiles. In an ecosystem each component provides for the needs of the other creating a balance where nothing is wasted. Water is a non renewable resource in the chain that must be provided from the outside in all cases except in a sealed ecosystem where evaporation is recollected as rainfall or in condensation. Solar energy is used by the plants for photosynthesis. I had an aquarium that worked like a marine ecosystem, the fish excreted amonia and used oxygen, the plants gave off oxygen, used the amonia and CO2 to grow and a controlled growth of algae consumed the extra nitrates in a bio wheel to keep the water liveable for the fish. I needed to add food for the fish so that they would not eat too much of the plants and water to make up for evaporation but otherwise it was self sustaining. It is important however not to tip the scales in the favor of any one of the elements for risk of throwing off the balance. I.E. too many fish will create too much waste and use too much oxygen for the rest of the system to compensate for.

Echinacea is primarily native to North America and can be found growing in the prairies, meadows, and open woodlands of the central and eastern regions of the continent. It thrives in well-drained soil and full sun, commonly seen in grasslands and open areas. Echinacea plants are also cultivated in gardens around the world for their medicinal and ornamental properties.

In plants, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), calcium ions, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known as intracellular messengers. They play essential roles in signaling pathways that regulate important processes such as growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli.

The first bit, "why is it important to keep to variables constant" is so you can be sure that the thing your measuring is what is affecting the change. So if your measuring the affect of CO2 levels on the rate of photosynthesis, you need to keep light level and any other variable constant through out the whole experiment so you know that it isn't a change in the amount of light that makes the rate of photosynthesis change but the change in CO2 level. I think that makes sense!

Also, CO2 increases photosynthesis until a certain point at which photosynthesis can't happen any quicker because all the chlorophyll is 'taken up' using the CO2 for photosynthesis and so the only way to increase photosynthesis rate would technically be to add more chlorophyll. This means that CO2 becomes whats called a 'limiting factor'. I think that makes less sense!

Cellular respiration combines glucose (sugar) and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is essential for the cell to function and survive.

Berry, Chappell & Barnes (1946) showed that, in estimating sodium and potassium by flame photometry, there were definite improvements in precision and accuracy when lithium was added to the samples as an internal standard (compare Spencer, 1950; Bernstein, 1952). The lithium internal standard signal reduces fluctuation in flame conditions, drift, and dilution errors—ensures reproducible results and precise measurements. The fully automatic ignition and flame optimization sequences reduce set up and calibration time. An automatic gas shutoff mechanism activates if the flame is accidentally extinguished. The monitoring and control software make operation simple and allow measurements only after blanking and calibration.

Raw materials can be supplied by various sources such as suppliers, producers, manufacturers, or distributors. The specific supplier of raw materials can depend on the type of material needed, industry, location, and specific agreements or contracts in place. Overall, raw material supply chains can be complex and diverse, involving multiple entities at different stages.

Melting chocolate requires energy input because the solid chocolate is transitioning into a liquid state. The energy input breaks the molecular bonds holding the solid together, absorbing energy in the process.

Chlorosis in plants occurs when there is a lack of chlorophyll, resulting in yellowing of the leaves. This can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, such as nitrogen or iron, or environmental factors like poor soil drainage or alkalinity. Chlorosis affects the plant's ability to photosynthesize and can impact its overall health and growth.