Photosynthesis

Blue light typically drives photosynthesis at the highest rate because chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy for photosynthesis, absorbs blue light most effectively. Red light is also important for photosynthesis but is less efficient than blue light in driving the process. Green light is least effective because chlorophyll reflects rather than absorbs green wavelengths.

Cellular respiration involves three main steps: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing some ATP. The citric acid cycle then further breaks down pyruvate to produce more ATP. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, where most ATP is generated through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

The last event in the non-cyclic pathway of ATP formation is the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. This process occurs after the formation of ATP through photophosphorylation, and provides reducing power to drive the Calvin cycle for the synthesis of carbohydrates.

The enzymes involved in photosynthesis are primarily found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. These enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the chemical reactions that convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy in the form of sugars.

You just have to take a beaker put a plant with roots in it.Then fill it with water.Take another beaker fill it with the same amount of water(same type of water too)and put the same type of plant but with no roots.Then leave it there for a day or two.Observe the change.It might be in height or thethe welleness of the plant.When i mean welleness,one will be dryed up while the other will be bright green!By the way,i did an experiment and realised that a thumbdrive can survive a spin in the washing machine it did not loose any information.hope my information is usefull!

Carbon dioxide is not used as a fuel because it is a product of combustion or respiration, not a source of energy. Cow dung, on the other hand, contains organic matter that can be converted into biogas through a process called anaerobic digestion, making it a renewable source of energy. While carbon dioxide can be captured and utilized in certain industrial processes such as carbon capture and storage, it is not a direct source of energy in the same way as cow dung.

False. There is a limit to the rate of photosynthesis even as light intensity increases. Once the saturation point is reached, the rate of photosynthesis remains constant.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work.

• Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, generating ATP from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.

• Chloroplasts, found in plants and eukaryotic algae, are the site of photosynthesis.

• They convert solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and H2O.

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system.

• Their proteins come primarily from free ribosomes in the cytosol and a few from their own ribosomes.

• Both organelles have small quantities of DNA that direct the synthesis of the polypeptides produced by these internal ribosomes.

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts grow and reproduce as semiautonomous organelles.

• Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

• There may be one very large mitochondrion or hundreds to thousands in individual mitochondria.

• The number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity.

• A typical mitochondrion is 1-10 microns long.

• Mitochondria are quite dynamic: moving, changing shape, and dividing.

• Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane, the cristae.

• This creates a fluid-filled space between them.

• The cristae present ample surface area for the enzymes that synthesize ATP.

• The inner membrane encloses the mitochondrial matrix, a fluid-filled space with DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

• The chloroplast is one of several members of a generalized class of plant structures called plastids.

• Amyloplasts store starch in roots and tubers.

• Chromoplasts store pigments for fruits and flowers.

• The chloroplast produces sugar via photosynthesis.

• Chloroplasts gain their color from high levels of the green pigment chlorophyll.

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• Chloroplasts measure about 2 microns x 5 microns and are found in leaves and other green structures of plants and in eukaryotic algae.

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• The processes in the chloroplast are separated from the cytosol by two membranes.

• Inside the innermost membrane is a fluid-filled space, the stroma, in which float membranous sacs, the thylakoids.

• The stroma contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes for part of photosynthesis.

• The thylakoids, flattened sacs, are stacked into grana and are critical for converting light to chemical energy.

Peroxisomes generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions

• Peroxisomes contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen

• An intermediate product of this process is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a poison, but the peroxisome has another enzyme that converts H2O2 to water (contain catalaze!).

• Some peroxisomes break fatty acids down to smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria for fuel.

• Others detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds.

• Specialized peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, convert the fatty acids in seeds to sugars, an easier energy and carbon source to transport.

• Peroxisomes are bounded by a single membrane.

• They form not from the endomembrane system, but by incorporation of proteins and lipids from the cytosol.

• They split in two when they reach a certain size.

Glucose as a form of sugar, is a reduction from fat - or oil. The glucose must react with oxygen first - e.g. in your blood and will split to a alcohol (methanol, ethanol) and release energy. Here we have the hexagon molecules that very easily burn and provide energy and carbon dioxide. In another form, the glucose is added bacteria in water, left alone for some days, and reduced to ethanol that we can drink "for fun and headache afterwards" and this process will release methane that evaporates. You can the distil the water, and remove the ethanol and use this to power a regular petrol-driven car - and produce carbon dioxide. Ethanol and methane burns with a blushing, colourless flame.

The well-lit upper layer of bodies of water where photosynthesis can take place is called the euphotic zone. This is where sunlight can penetrate and provide energy for photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton to thrive.

To perform a testcross, you cross an individual with a dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) with a homozygous recessive individual. By examining the offspring's phenotypes, you can determine the genotype of the unknown individual through the principles of Mendelian genetics. This allows you to determine if the individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a specific trait.

Breakdown or degradation of molecules primarily takes place in the lysosomes, which contain enzymes that can break down various biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids into their constituent parts for recycling or disposal.

Adding raw magnesium to plants may help correct magnesium deficiencies and promote healthy growth. It's important to apply the correct amount based on recommended guidelines to avoid over-fertilization, which can harm the plants. Consider conducting a soil test to determine if magnesium supplementation is necessary.

Yes, unicellular algae, such as phytoplankton, are vital for the Earth's photosynthesis process. They contribute significantly to the production of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate and supporting marine ecosystems.

The mineral ion important in cellular respiration is calcium. It plays a crucial role in activating enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration. Calcium helps regulate various steps in the process, particularly in the release of energy stored in glucose.

Photosynthesis in a cactus primarily takes place in its green stem or pads. These parts contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for photosynthesis, and allow the cactus to convert sunlight into energy. The cactus has adapted to reduce water loss by performing photosynthesis primarily during the cooler night hours.

It is the way mammals, even insects, work/function that make them utilize oxygen and give off Carbon diOxide (Co2)

Oxygen from air is absorbed through the capillaries in the lungs of mammals. It attaches itself to the red blood cells and is transported to other parts of the body where it is needed.

When cells use oxygen (in order to produce energy) the reaction makes Co2 of which is again transported away by the red blood cells back to the lungs Ha where it is freed up into the air we breathe out.

Plants work the other way around but get their energy to do so from the sun.

Plants use the energy from the sun in order to split Co2 into Carbon and Oxygen. Oxygen is a waste product and Carbon is further used as building blocks (in combination with other nutrients from the soil) making the plant grow.

A very crude and simplistic explanation of a very complex subject, but sort of to the point.

Plant cells use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose through the process of photosynthesis, which is catalyzed by enzymes and chlorophyll.

To prepare a project on apical dominance, consider researching the factors influencing apical dominance, its importance in plant growth and development, and its practical applications in agriculture and horticulture. Include diagrams or illustrations to explain key concepts, and consider conducting experiments or observations to demonstrate apical dominance in action. Conclude with a summary of the project findings and implications for future research or agricultural practices.

No. There are only certain wavelengths of light that plants can use for photosynthesis.


Plants have trouble using green light because it is reflected by the chlorophyll pigment (that is why leaves look green).

False. During photosynthesis, electrons are typically carried by molecules such as chlorophyll and other electron carriers like NADPH, which is a reduced form of NADP+. Hydrogen ions do play a role in some reactions during photosynthesis, but they are not primarily responsible for transferring electrons between molecules.

False. In cellular respiration, glycolysis occurs before the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis is the first step in breaking down glucose to produce energy. The Krebs cycle follows glycolysis in the process of cellular respiration.

The pigment responsible for the purple color in a Rhoeo leaf is anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is a water-soluble pigment commonly found in plants that appear red, blue, or purple in color.

Yes, carotenes play a role in capturing sunlight during photosynthesis. They are pigments that absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll, which is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants. Carotenes absorb light in the blue and green regions of the spectrum and broaden the range of light that can be used for photosynthesis.

No, respiration does not use sunlight as its energy source. Respiration is a process in which cells break down glucose to release energy. Sunlight is used in photosynthesis by plants to produce glucose, which is then used in respiration.