Unix

Linux

Both of these utilities allow a remote user to log in (remotely) and execute commands via the command line.

Servers capable of running a variant of Unix are manufactured by many companies, including Sun Microsystems, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, and Apple.

A demoted menu is a list of additional commands associated with the selected command.

The original UNIX was an operating system developed by Bell Labs in the early 70's. What makes UNIX significant is that many of the ideas that were part of it became standards in computers, even today.

As time passed, those standards evolved, and became the basis for a number of newer systems, such as BSD, Linux, and even Mac OS X. Since they share similar standards they are called "UNIX variants".

In 1992, Linux was created. What makes Linux different from many of the other UNIX variants is that no one owns Linux, and it is essentially "community property". It has been freely adapted for many purposes.

Linux "distributions" are versions of Linux that are tailored for a specific audience. Since no one person's needs are exactly the same, there are many different versions to choose from.

They are the same operating system, just with different things added.

A shell script is nothing more than a readable and executable ASCII text file. In this file you put all of the commands that you want to execute, in sequence. The name of the file can be anything you like.

Any text editor (VI, VIM, pico, etc) can create a shell script file

In addition, shell script files have the ability to detect logic, and are programmable. Just think about what tasks you want to perform and their order, and put it into a file, and there you have a shell script.

#!/usr/bin/bash

echo 1 01 101 0101 10101

whereis xinit

If nothing returns, it is not installed.

A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. For example, one type of utility program can examine a floppy disk or hard disk to determine if it contains any physical flaws such as a scratch.
Programs people can use that help them to navigate around a computer, the narrator that when a icon is clicked will tell the user what it is, or a magnifier to increase the size of a certain part of the desktop.

No. Licensed Unix implementations are a proprietary flexible general purpose operating system originally marketed for minicomputers and mid-range computers to support multiple users and tasks. When Personal Computers became available, versions of Unix were created for them. Unix was also implemented for the IBM mainframe.

This is not the same as Linux which is an open source free system with many of the same capabilities and look & feel of unix but without the licensing requirement of unix.

The main advantage of the layered approach is modularity. The layered are selected such that each uses function and services of only lower level layers. This approach simplifies debugging and system verification

In this case the system is easier to debug and modify, because changes affect only limited portions of the code, and programmer does not have to know the details of the other layers. Information is also kept only where it is needed and is accessible only in certain ways, so bugs affecting that data are limited to a specific module or layer.

Regards

Praveen Muttikkal

The OS allows the computer programs to function correctly by allowing them to communicate with other programs and the computer. Windows is an OS, which bring all the programs together and allows the user to access them. The operating system manages the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users and provides the user a relatively simple machine to use.

LUnix (unofficially, Little Unix) is a Unix-like operating system for the Commodore 64, a popular home computer of the 1980s.

Unix is a multi user, multi processing and multi tasking operating system

Root directory.

Actually, UNIX is an operating system. It is generally used in business applications on large mainframe computers. However, many hobbyists prefer it for its simplicity and scalability.

who command gives the list of users who have currently logged in......

vi text editor is a standard text editor found in almost every flavor of Linux, it is the most preferred text editor by most Linux professionals, other text editors include nano and pico are also decent substitutes for the vi editor

#!/bin/sh

mkdir homework lazyass

for i in $(seq 5); do touch homework/file-$i; done

mv homework/* lazyass

Yes, each process has its own private data segment that is not shared with other processes.

Processes can share executable code because the code does not get modified, but data is particular to the program that is using it, so it must be kept separate.

they are on a memory card whitch you buy from a store

Perhaps K&R (same as C).