Ancient Wars

To give in to this demand of 'soil and water' would be equivalent to surrendering the nation and it's people to Persian control : it meant to surrender .

He defeated Mark Antony in 31 BCE and was therefore the last surviving Triumvir, with control of the army, and was effectively sole dictator by another name.

He formalised this in 27 BCE in the Senate (wearing chain mail under his toga to reduce the risk of following Caesar) by announcing the restoration of the Republic. However by retaining reserve powers, he was in a position to pull the strings, and it was at best a guided republic, but in the eyes of his opponents and detractors, an autocracy.

No, Augustus Caesar is not single.

The Battle of Thermopylae .

Alexander's empire did not grow because after he died his generals seized control of the provinces, turning them into kingdoms of their own. After much infighting, the main kingdoms were Egypt, Syria Pergamon and Macedonia.

He took half his army home as they could not be fed in Greece in the upcoming winter, leaving Mardonius in command of his remaining Persian-Greek land forces. And he sent the remaining ships to Mykaleas they could not stand up to the Greek fleet.

Rome had varying influence and control of parts of Spain for a couple of centuries from 218 BCE before Rome actually gained control of the Iberian Peninsula in 19 BCE during Augustus' principate.

Flat land allowed it to keep close formation and change its frontal direction easily, however that also favoured enemy cavalry, so the phalanx needed its own cavalry support to protect it, and also th stop enemy light infantry from attacking from all sides.

1. Revenues from taxes.

2. Slaves and profits from the sale thereof.

3. Territory in the conquered territories to settle its retired soldiers on.

4. Stability and peace in the region.

5. etc etc.

They were initially successful, captiring mainland Greece down to and including Athens, and bringing most of the occupied cities under their side and adding their armies to their own. However their naval defeat at Salamis exposed their supply line, and with the winter coming on they had to send half their army home and withdraw to northern Greece to find sustenance.

In the spring, with their cities no longer threatened by amphibious attack by the Persian fleet, the southern Greeks were able to send out their armies to concentrate against the depleted Persian army and its central Greek allies. They won, and the remaining Persians all went home.

They left a local government in control, under a Roman provincial governor who had the roops to ensure the collection of taxes, to keep local order, and protect the province against external aggression.

Or they left a puppet king to do it for them, if that was the better solution in the more remote areas.

The generals on either side who changed during the course of the 27-yer war - scores of them.

The Spartans were all killed, as were the Thespians; the Thebans surrendered; the other city contingents were sent home before the final act. So, no.

Train.

The Kingdom of Aksum was an empire located around modern Ethiopia that lasted from about 100 A.D. to 940 A.D. The kingdom reached many important milestones, and achieved a multitude of things, including a written alphabet. The Kingdom of Aksum was also the first in Africa to fully convert to Christianity, which lead to the present-day Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Kingdom was also known for being the first African state to issue its own system of coins as currency.

Marathon

The emperor Tiberius is rarely given any credit for his military abilities, but in reality he was one of Rome's better generals. He was not in any historically important battles, remember he lived during the Pax Romana. He did lead a force along with Marcus Agrippa to negotiate and if necessary fight to recover the standards that the Parthians had captured from Crassus and Marc Antony. He led a force into Armenia and settled matters there. He was then set to Transalpine Gaul and won the battle of Raetia. Augustus also used him in the trouble sports in Pannonia and in Germany.

The early history of Rome is legendary - that is it is a collection of stories without supporting factual evidence but rather a collection of commonly accepted tales.

It is apparent that Rome was initially a small village, which was involved in the mutual warfare with its neighbouring villages to get land for an expanding population. The other part is it being reputedly a refuge of all sorts of drifters, and these needed women, which they stole from neighbours. They made a successful women-stealing raid on the city of Sabinus which then set about retaliating, hence the story of war between them.

There are lots of variants, none of all this being supported by hard historical evidence.

There were many important events during the Napoleonic era. Five of them were: Napolean relinquished command in Egypt, Battle of Marengo, Napolean crowned himself emperor, The hundred days, and Nepoleans death.

The war devastated most of the cities from Sicily to Asia Minor - they lost a lot of their population from fighting, disease and depredations, and didn't solve their problems, with schanging alliances and poradic warfare continuing for a further half century.

To prevent this warfare spreading into and disrupting its empire, Persia had to impose the King's Peace to try to limit the damage.

the acropolis

Persia agreed to stay away from Greek city-states in the eastern Aegean littoral.

The main Spartan army was kept at home to guard against a threatened Persian amphibious invasion.

Would you like to clarify who or what is 'the peloponnesian'? We can't answer a question unless it is understandable.