Some factors in William's victory, which was not a foregone conclusion:

Harold having to bring a good number of his troops on a long march from the battle of Stamford Bridge against the vikings (and some of the forces involved there staying in the north)

Harold's possible impetuous commitment to battle, when another day's wait would have increased his numbers.

The battle site was not badly chosen by Harold, and his lack of archers not a major problem.

Mid-way through the battle, one flank of the Norman attack (The Bretons) had crumbled and retreated, but a counter-attack by the Saxons had left them out of formation and exposed, suffering very heavy causalities.

It was this tactic repeated deliberately which seems to have turned the battle. A faked retreat (dangerous, in case it turns into a real one) tempted the Saxons from their shield wall and hill.

Whether this was the ill-discipline of troops acting without orders or a terrible decision by Harold is not known.

Apart from the immediate losses, against a disorganized formation the re-deployment of archers was more effective.

The battle which need not have been lost, was.

More Input:

• Harold Godwinson's army was tired. The English army had already fought the Battle of Stamford Bridge that day. They had to race down to the small village of Hastings. Williams army was rested.

• Part of Harold's army got left behind on the trip down.

• Harold's army did not cooperate well.

• Harold's army did have the right weapons.

• Harold got shot. When he heard the hiss of an arrow he had looked up and the arrow struck him right in the eye.

• The death of Saxon leaders.

• Harold's men saw Haley's Comet and they thought that it was a bad omen.

• William had organized his army better. William was clever and he used his talents in the right way.

• Williams army was stronger. He had good troops and better trained soldiers. They were better armed. William used cavalry and archers whereas Harold did not.

• Williams men believed in him and promised to reward them. William had been promised the throne by Edward. The Normans also had the Pope's blessing and banner.

• William was a good tactition.

• Williams Norman army played tricks on the English army. William pretended to flee so many of Harold's men turned to retreat but as they did William and his army turned back and fired.

Here is more input from others:

• Duke William was victorious at Hastings not because of any superior armour, weapons or tactical ability, but simply because his forces were the more flexable of the two. Once the English had decided to stand behind their shield wall and allow the Normans to gradually wear them down, the outcome was inevitable. This tactic was too defensive and couldn't be be used effectively against a mainly cavalry army like the Normans had. Another myth about Hastings is that once Duke William had won he was completely victorious. In fact he spent the next 6 years fighting the remaining English forces before finally achieving success.

• Duke William of Normandy won the battle of Hastings is because At nine o'clock in the morning of the 14th, the Normans began to advance. Spears and arrows flew in all sorts of directions. Both sides fought on foot, although the Normans also used horses later in the day with a tremendous amount of effect. Suddenly, there was a rumour that Duke William of Normandy was dead. He wasn't really dead-and he took of his helmet and stood on stirrups to shout to his men. Then William and his half-brother, Bishop Odo, started a furious cavalry charge. Norman soldiers on horseback charged at the Saxons just when the Saxons thought they were winning. Time and time again the Normans used this technique to break through the Saxon shield wall. Gradually the Saxon line broke up and the Saxons were pushed back. At dusk the Saxon army fell back into the shelter of trees. Harold's bodyguards' were left to fight on alone. They formed a semi-circle around him. The situation was very desperate. According to one tradition recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry, Harold was struck in one eye by and arrow and was hacked about so badly that only his mistress,Edith Swan-Neck could identify him.

• The main reasons were luck and numbers. If for instance it had rained (which was very likely in English October) the slope up which the Normans attacked would have been very difficult for man and horse. The English were outnumbered because Harold decided to take the initiative. Remember he had recently beaten Harald Hardraga the foremost soldier of his age. Harold was therefore confident. If he had only waited a day or 2 more, victory would have been almost certain.

Here is a summary of what happened in 1066:

• King Edward dies

• Harold Godwinson gets crowned king

• Harald Hadraada attacks North and fights Harold Godwinson (Battle of Stamford Bridge)

• Harold Godwinson wins and next day William of Normandy attacks South Coast

• Harold Godwinson marches his army South

• Battle of Hastings begins

The state of Harold Godwinson's army before the Battle of Hastings:

Harold Godwinson's army wasn't in a great state for the battle. The weaknesses in Harold Godwinson's army were that they had all just marched 226 miles (363 km) so they were tired, they didn't have as many soldiers as William, they had just fought so some soldiers were down and some were wounded, their weapons weren't as good as Williams army's weapons and some members were giving up.

The state of William of Normandy's army before the Battle of Hastings

William of Normandy's army was in a good state for the battle. The advantages in William of Normandy's army were that they were well relaxed (they'd been waiting in the South for 9 days), they had around fresh soldiers who were all ready for battle.

There are a number of various reasons why William Duke of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings. William and his army had landed on the South Coast expecting the enemy there, waiting for them. But they were over joyed to find out that nobody was there to meet them. William and his troops were expecting Harold Godwineson and his army to be there, waiting to meet them and start the battle. But instead, Harold and his army were at the North, fighting Harald Hadraada and his army. No wonder they were over joyed. So they decided to have a feast and get a good night's rest.

They now knew that Harald Hadraada and his army had attacked Harold and his troops and were fighting a battle, so they knew that Harold couldn't reach them quickly. So they had the feast and had a good night's sleep, and woke up the next morning, fresh and ready to fight the battle. Meanwhile Harold and his army were up at north, fighting Harald Hadraada and his troops, and then, very luckily, Harold gave his enemy, Harald, a blow that killed him. He sent his army home. Then, on this very triumphant day, Harold received very bad news: the William and the Normans had reached the South Coast and were getting ready to fight Harold. So Harold had to gather his army again, just as they were all tired out from fighting the battle and winning it for him. And he still had to pay them taxes. Harold's army weren't at all happy when he sent for them.

He and his army got ready to fight William, and they set off, marching, to get to the South Coast. So Harold and his army were tired out from all that fighting and now they had to go and fight another battle, which was just too bad luck! When Harold and his army reached Hastings, and stopped there to rest for a bit, they found out that William and his troops were there. So they met William and fought the Battle of Hastings, and, very luckily for him that was, William struck Harold in the eye, which made him stumble around in pain for a while before he was killed.

William had been promised the throne by Edward, or so he claimed. After Harold beat the viking army of Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, he had to march to Hastings to meet William. The Saxon shield wall of Harold held strong, but Williams men feinted a flee. Harolds men followed to route the Normans, breaking their shield wall. The Normans turned and caught the Saxons off guard defeating them. Another important issue was the Norman mounted knights. The development of steers for the Normans gave them a superior advantage over the unmounted Saxons.

Harold had to march his men to Stamford bridge near York and battle the vikings then take them south again. Harold lost some of his best men at Stamford and he was just unlucky. William had more and better men. Harold's men were not disciplined. Harold was killed in the middle of the battle.

The area Hastings was fought in was very different then to now, being almost entriely Fenlands. William landed in a cul de sac and it was important for him to break out. Harold rushed down from Stanford Bridge to hem William in. At the only exit to the Fenland was a high hill, Harold won the race and occupied it. Harold had 6000 troops arriving the following day if William waited a day he had lost the campaign so he chose to attack Harold at a huge disadvantage. It was one of the closest battles in history, for six hours the Normans attacked and the Saxon shield wall held. Until at dusk the Normans launched one last desperate assault on the Saxon left flank. It enjoyed a little success and Harold was forced to commit his reserve, Huscarls led by himself. It was during this assault he was struck by an arrow and killed. Effectively a lucky shot not only won the battle and the war but saved the Normans from annihalation on the following day.

William won the battle of Hastings because his troops were well prepared. Wiliiam used clever and well planned tactics to fool Harold's army. Part of the victory was down to luck. While Harold Gowinson was up near York At Stamford bridge, The Normans were able to cross the channel. This meant that Harold had to march his troops down to the small village, Hastings to fight the battle against William. This put Harold at a disadvantage, because some of his best fighters had died at the battle of Stamford bridge, and all Harold's troops were tired.

My uncle who used to work as a tour guide at battle abbey said that William had an idea for some of his army to look like they were running away from the battle, so a large chunk of Harold's army followed the people who were fleeing, but little did they no a trap was set. When the people who were following the fleeing people got to a point, some of Williams army surprised them and killed them. Leaving Harold's defenses small and out numbered.

Harold had been waiting on the south English coast for William to make a move from Normandy, then amassing his multi-national army. William waited until Harold's army had almost depleted their food reserves, etc.

But a huge Norwegian Viking army of '300 ships' (maybe 12-18,000 men)under the fearsome King Harald Hardrada('hard ruler') invaded northern England, with Tostig(Harold's own brother, still irate that his brother didn't help him keep his earldom a year earlier), advanced to near York and routed a Saxon army in battle, at ''Fulford Gate''(20th Sept 1066) Harold agonized, but decided to speed-ride north 190miles to beat the Norse, then dash back hopefully in time to defend the realm against William, who might invade anytime. This Harold did- he surprised the Norsemen and in a bloody and costly victory at ''Stamford Bridge''(25th Sept), the English slaughtered the Norsemen, Hardrada & Tostig.

Harold dashed back south again, having just got word of the Norman's landing on the south coast(29th Sept), and made for London to arrange for battle. His messengers had already ridden ahead to the western and southern shires to raise another fyrd(farmer/soldiers owing 2mnths annual war service). Crucially, he had had to leave his archers and many infantrymen- who were marching the hard slog on foot, and would be weary/late for battle.

On the 13th October, Harold uncharacteristically ignored the wise advice of his brother Gyrth(who said he instead would lead the half-prepared army, then Harold could lead a second)ordered every available man to follow him, and again marched, this time the 58m south to Senlac hill- originally intending to meet the fyrdsmen there(still coming in from the north/shires) before a possible night attack on the Normans then in their wooden stockade at Hastings harbor, 7m south.

But William's scouts found the gathering English there, and William marched north quickly. Now the two armies would fight here(Senlac, wrongly called the battle of Hastings), the Normans/French/Bretons on the low, marshy ground and the English/some Danes tightly packed atop the narrow, steep ridge above, half-mile wide. Harold's men were in a great position, guarded on their flanks by marshes/woods, and a steep incline ahead- but they were exhausted after their recent marches and previous battle.

King Harold of England had traveled to the far North of England to do battle with the invading Vikings, whom he defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He was making his return to Winchester (then the capital of England), and disbanding his army as he went, when he got news that William, Duke of Normandy had invaded at Hastings on the South Coast. Harold immediately recalled his men and made a forced march South. The speed with which Harold's army moved took William by surprise and as a consequence Harold was able to choose his ground to his best advantage. Harold had the high ground, but he suffered from two disadvantages; First, he had just fought a battle in the North and had lost many men that he had not had time to replace, and Second, having marched the length of Britain his men were exhausted. In spite of this he managed great discipline and fought off charge after charge from the mostly mounted knights of William. His shield wall proving impossible to break.

William then made a mass charge with 75% of his cavalry, instructing them to break off quickly and appear to desert the field. This they did. Many of Harold's men, convinced they had finally won the day ran down the hill after them, on foot. By the time they reached the bottom of the hill Williams remaining cavalry cut them off while the 'retreating' horsemen turned back and slaughtered them. This seriously weaken Harold's position and he was no longer able to withstand the repeated cavalry charges. It is almost certain that the story of Harold being shot in the eye with an arrow is a myth. However, he was certainly killed on the battlefield that day in 1066 and William had his victory.

Answer

By the end of the tenth century England had become one united country ruled by Anglo Saxon kings from the house of Wessex. Since the year 991, the King was Ethelred II, dubbed "The Unready".

For a short time, 1013 to 1014 Sweyn I, a Danish King ruled England and had intended his son, Cnut to succeed him. Ethelred drove Cnut out of the country and was re-instated as King. Ethelred died on 23 April 1016 and was succeeded by his son Edmund II Known as "Ironside."

In October, 1016 England was invaded by Cnut, (also known as Canute), who became King of England. He was already King of Denmark, Norway and parts of Sweden.

The north western part of France, nearest to England, is the Duchy of Normandy - a Duchy is an area ruled by a Duke. The then Duke of Normandy was Richard I, known as "the fearless" and in July 1017 Cnut married Richard's daughter, Emma. Emma was the widow of the previous English King Ethelred "the Unready."

At Christmas 1017, Cnut murdered all of the supporters of the previous king who he could find.

The rightful heir to the throne was a son of Ethelred and Emma, named Edward, and he and his brothers fled to Normandy for safety where they were taken in by Duke Richard II, who was the son of Richard I and was also their mother's brother. Richard II was followed as Duke by his eldest son also called Richard, and after a short time by his other son Robert. Robert was Robert II, "The Magnificent" and was also called "Robert the devil" because of suspicions that he had murdered his brother.

Robert died in July 1035, leaving only illegitimate children, the oldest of whom was William who then became Duke William II of Normandy.

It was this William who invaded England in 1066, becoming King William I of England. One part of his claim to the English throne, therefore was that he was related to the Anglo Saxon kings - Emma was his great aunt.

Meanwhile in England, under the kingship of Canute, the Godwin family prospered and became wealthy and important landowners. One, Harold Godwinson, had become Earl of Wessex.

Canute had a son Harold, whose mother was Aelgifu of Northampton and another son Harthacanute whose mother was Emma of Normandy. When Cnut died in 1035 his son Harold, known as "Harefoot" became King of England.

On Harold Harefoot's death in March 1040 Harthacanute became King.

In 1041, Harthacanute invited his half brother, Edward (the above mentioned son of Ethelred and Emma) to return to England and, it is thought, made Edward the heir to the throne.

Edward became king, as Edward I, when Harthacanute died in June 1042. He later became a very devout Christian, and was known as "Edward the Confessor." He was made a Saint of the Roman Catholic Church in the year 1161.

William of Normandy visited London in 1052 and later claimed that Edward had promised he would become king on his death.

Harold Godwinson also claimed that Edward had promised the throne to him - both claims may well be true.

Edward died on 4th January 1066 and Harold was appointed king as Harold II, the matter then being resolved by William's victory over Harold at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066.

William also later claimed personal ownership of all the land in England "by right of conquest," a claim he would not have been able to make if he had not taken the crown by force.

yes

Answer

No: His response to rebellion after the conquest was the systematic " harrying of the North".This laid waste an area 150 miles square. Villages burnt, families wiped out, animals destroyed and crops razed.

He did his level best to destroy all signs of English culture, language and traditional religion. In the years before the invasion England was an adherent of the orthodox church, this was, like so many other beliefs suppressed and the practices of the church of Rome enforced.

Had the battle been won by Harold II England would still speak a Nordic language and have close links with it's Scandinavian cousins.

I believe William was known as William the illegitmate before he came to England, the French knew him very well.

King Edward the Confessor's closest relatives were his mother and his brother. After that, William, Duke of Normandy, known as "The Conqueror" was closest blood relative, a cousin.

Harald Godwineson was 20 years old when Edward married Harald's aunt, Edith. Thus, Harald and Edward did not share a drop of the same blood.

Originally they ate only in a refectorium (refectory, also called the "frater") which was usually sited on the south side of the cloister range, next to the kitchens and with facilities for washing hands just outside in the cloister walk (ambulatory).

Inside the refectory the long tables were arranged around the edges of the room, with the monks sitting close to the walls so that those appointed as servers could move freely around the central space.

Meals were always eaten in total silence, with a monk appointed as "weekly reader" standing at a reading desk with a Bible or other religious text at one side of the room - he would read passages throughout the meal so that the monks not only fed their bodies, but also their souls.

As time went on many monasteries began to relax the rules forbidding the eating of meat, but this was never permitted to take place in the refectorium. Another room called a misericord ("a mercy" in Latin) was reserved for the eating of meat when this was allowed, which was generally limited to a few monks at a time.

During meals and at other times when silence was imposed, communication was entirely by sign language. The Monastic sign languages are the oldest recorded sign language in the world.

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Harold was a foot soldier so he couldn't control his soldiers. Please note that all the English fought on foot, horses were used to get to the battle and were not used by them in it.

His men ran after the enemy when they faked retreat, and broke the shield wall - which was until then protecting them extremely well!

When the shield wall broke and Harold's army ran straight ahead, the Normans split into two columns. These then closed on Harold's army. That is called an envelopment.

Harold's men were not only tired from marching up and then down the country again after taking on and defeating Harald Hardrada but they were also disaffected (fed up) with the terms of their involvement - many of them were not career soldiers but ordinary farm folk who had been rounded up and pressed into Harold's army in leiu of taxes (which he apparently then made them pay anyway). Those that were not killed during the Battle of Stamford Bridge with the Norse King (Harald Hadraada) had marched nearly 250 miles in a couple of days - perhaps if Harold had waited for his men to recover or if he had been a better tactitian he may have been luckier but maybe it was just down to that... luck.