Ancient Wars

North Africa north of the Sahara, not all of Africa - by elominating Carthage and takung the kingdoms as subservient allies (such as the client kingdom of Numidia) or as provinces (such as Egypt)..

Athens had a powerful navy.

Sarissa.

Athens suffered a number of disasters: the plague, Syracuse, and the defeat of its fleet.

12th Century BCE.

Nothing much in that particular year.

Yes she is.

Athens had turned the league of Greek cities which was established to defend against Persia into an empire and when the Persian threat subsided, used the revenue for its own aggrandisement and to further its own interests. Other cities objected and turned to Sparta for leadership.

There were several inter-city disputes bubbling and Corinth and other cities pressed Sparta to intervene. The final straw was Athens banning Megara from trade within the Athenian empire, which wpould have ruined it. Sparta asked Athens to relent, which was refused and war was declared.

Christianity

The Battle of Cannae for it was one of the most significant military defeats in military history or , perhaps , the Battle of Alesia where Caesar had besieged (circumvallation) Vercengetorix and while he maintained the siege he , Caesar , was in turn besieged (contravallation) by a relief force led by the cousin of Vercengetorix whose name was Vercassivellaunos . The latter battle was chronicled in Julius Caesar's book entitled 'Commentaries on the Gallic War' .

It is called Stelae.

They did hold it for three days, to force a sea battle against the Persians. When the Persians won the sea battle, the Pass had no further use, and the Greek force was withdrawn. The Spartan and Thespian contingents stayed holding the pass to let the other city contingents escape.

In his own words, see attached link.

Attila the Hun

In A.D. 410 the Visigoths leader Alaric and his solders captured the city of Rome. They burned records and looted the treasury. Rome's capture shocked the empire's people. It was the first time Rome had been conquered in 800 years.

The Greeks decided to lure the Persian fleet into the closed waters between the island of Salamis and the mainland, where they had to break their battle formation, split to go on either side of the island of Psyttalia, and so were vulnerable to the flank attacks by the Greek fleet lying in wait.

They were also persuaded that the Greeks were going to try to flee through the back passage from the strait, and detached the large Egyptian part of their fleet to cover it, so reducing the numbers of their ships to parity with the Greeks.

They were also persuaded that the Athenian contingent might defect to them, and sat at oars outside the entrance all night, and so were exhausted by the morning of the battle.

In these ways, the odds were swung heavily in favour of the Greeks.

They did not invade the Peloponnesian Peninsula, the had a specific target of the two Ionian cities of Eretria and Athens which had been in an expedition which had burnt down its provincial capital of Asia Minor.

The object was to establish local tyrants to govern the cities and stop them interfering in the Persian Empire.

They got Eretria but lost against Athens at Marathon. This led to a lated Persian invasion ten years later to bring all of mainland Greece within its empire to bring stability to the area.

peloponnesian league led by Sparta fought the delian league led by Athens. the result was a peloponnesian league victory and the delian league was dismantled

The direct answer is that they did go to Athens.

The invasion was a punitive expedition against Eretria and Athens for their intervention in the Persian empire by supporting a revolt by Miletus, in the course of which they overdid things by burning the Persian provincial capital of Sardis.

The punitive force first laid siege to Eretria on the island of Euboia, captured it by traitors opening the gates. It then turned its attention across the strait to Marathon, landing there and attracting the Athenian army there to oppose their overland advance to Athens. They had the exiled Athenian tyrant Hippias with them, whom they intended to install as puppet Persian ruler. Hippias' supporters were going to open the gates of Athens to let the Persians in.

The stalemate persisted at Marathon. The Athenians kept to the hills where the Persian cavalry couldn't get at them. Then on the tenth day, they saw the Persian cavalry being embarked on ships, and seized the opportunity to rush down and defeat the inferior Persian infantry, hoping also to capture the fleet with the cavalry on board. The fleet got away.

The Athenians then woke up to what was happening. The cavalry was being rowed around Cape Sunion to make a landing opposite Athens and gallop up to the city where Hippias' party was going to open the gates for them. The Athenian army ran over the hills back to form up in front of the city just as the Persian cavalry was riding up. It was a near run thing. The cavalry, frustrated, reembarked and the Persians returned home.

So yes, the Persians did go to Athens, it was their plan all along, to pin the Athenian army down at Marathon while their cavalry captured the city. The Athenians would then be squeezed between the city and the Persian army. Not a bad plan, frustrated by those hardy Athenian peasant farmers who were able to run the first Marathon 26 miles over the hills carrying their equipment, having already fought a battle that morning.

Marathon runners get it easy nowadays, but don't have the incentive those blokes had.

It was formed as a league of Peloponnesian city-states led by Sparta about 505 BCE, though Sparta had earlier established alliances with several of the cities.

a trader

i think persia was important becuse it showed that greeks are way past cilivilzation

someone

Well, I only share the histroy of Khan word, ( According to history) The word Khan is using in many countries now a days, but infact, it is only word of Afghan socity...it spread when Afghan was strong...their power was acceptable in whole Asia...even in the world....when Afghan beat India 7 times (14 times), some afghan married or used Indian girls as a victom, then their illegal or legal child reamin in India, and then the word Khan come popular in Indian...when those (khan) come reach in Indian society...however word khan never means Reach person...In Afghanistan it has many meaning: Reach man, Leader, Or one who have power.

Some Afghan also were refugee to many countries during bloody war in

Afghanistan...they married another country girls and then they used Khan words to their children (only male but also married female)....

When the Persians landed a force at Marathon to attack Athens, the Athenians sent Pheidippides to ask the Spartans to help them. He ran the 120 miles to Sparta and back and died of exhaustion on his return.

The Athenians were forced to fight the Persian before the Spartans arrived. After they defeated the Persian infantry, they realised that the Persian cavalry's absence was due to it being rowed around the coast to attack Athens in their absence. So the 9,000 Athenian armoured soldiers ran back to Athens and formed up in front of the city just as the Persian cavalry was being disembarked and preparing to gallop up and take the city with traitors opening the gates for them.

So Pheidippides was dead. It was the Athenian army which ran the 26 miles to Athens, not him giving the good news of the battle lf Marathon (which is the fake story peddled today). This run by the Athenian army is celebrated today by the marathon race of 26 miles held during the Olympic Games and elsewhere for distance runners. The difference is that today's brave runners don't carry armour and weapons and wear sandals.