Ancient Wars

When the defence of the Thermopylai pass no longer had any purpose after the defeat of their navies in the nearby strait of Artemesion, they sent off the contingents of the other Greek cities to seek refuge inside friendly city walls. The Spartans and Thespians continued to hold the pass to let them get away to stop the Persian cavalry breaking through and riding them down in open country. A noble self-sacrifice.

No.

Both were of Indo-European ethnic origin, but the Spartans were Dorian Greeks

and the Persians were Iranians.

Ramses the Great who ruled Ancient Egypt.

After peace was made with Persia, Athens continued to maintain a fleet and send it out to continue to levy the annual contributions of the Grek cities in the anti-Persian league which it led, effectively converting the alliance into an empire.

These funds were spent maintining the enforcement-fleet, beautifying Athens and subsidising its cultural activities, and keeping half its people on the public payroll.

Golden indeed, from an Athenian point of view, but not necessarily so from the other cities.

Salt.

It was a symbolic ceremony with a sprinkle of salt to declare the land would be barren. However twenty years later they established a military colony on the site to resettle veterans.

No. The Spartans defeated about 500,000 Persians along with about 1,700 Greeks. Later on in the war, they withdrew to defend Sparta and lost the war.

The Spartans alone did not fight or defeat Persians and Persian allies. Many Greek city states allied and defeated Persians in land and sea battles in two separate wars.

The only Greek defeat from the most famous battles in the two separate Persian invasions was in Thermopylae. And even then, few thousand Greeks died, including plus or minus 300 Spartans, while it is believed more than 20,000 Persians and their allies that included many Greeks, died in Thermopylae. So it was an honorable defeat.

i realy dont know go look somewere else thios website is not helpful

ceded

The sea battle was Salamis, it was not the Athenians, it was a combined Greek fleet which included the Athenian navy.

War means loss of manpower - and of course it is the fittest males who die. This was not always a negative, as an excess of young men meant that there was no land for them to farm - the family farms were too small to subdivide, and these landless became a sub-class with the resultant internal strife which comes from the alienated propertyless. It is for that reason the cities sent out colonies around the Mediterranean and Black Sea littorals - they could be allotted land and become citizens of the new city.

But of course, the winner of war may well be strengthened - by gaining additional territory and plunder. States usually fight because of advantage to be gained, so there are winners and losers.

It was only in such wars as the Peloponnesian War that the devastation was widespread, and eventually led to the ascendancy of Macedonia over the city-states weakened by a century of widespread war.

Cities of Sumer and Akkad were defeated and captured and some occupied or recolonised.

Ther-mop'-il-eye'

Ephialtes of Trachis told the persians about a hidden path behind the mountains.

The Trojan War in Greek mythology, war between the Greeks and the people of Troy. The strife began after the Trojan prince Paris abducted Helen, wife of Menelaus of Sparta. When Menelaus demanded her return, the Trojans refused. Menelaus then persuaded his brother Agamemnon to lead an army against Troy. At Aulis, troopships gathered, led by the greatest Greek heroes–Achilles, Patroclus, Diomed, Odysseus, Nestor, and the two warriors named Ajax. In order to win favorable winds for the journey, Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to Artemis. The winds came and the fleet set sail for Troy. For nine years the Greeks ravaged Troy's surrounding cities and countryside, but the city itself, well fortified and commanded by Hector and other sons of the royal household, held out. Finally the Greeks built a large hollow wooden horse in which a small group of warriors were concealed. The other Greeks appeared to sail for home, leaving behind only the horse and Sinon, who deceitfully persuaded the Trojans, despite the warnings of Cassandra and Laocoön, to take the horse within the city walls. At night the Greeks returned; their companions crept out of the horse and opened the city gates, and Troy was destroyed. The gods took great interest in the war. Poseidon, Hera, and Athena aided the Greeks, while Aphrodite and Ares favored the Trojans. Zeus and Apollo, although frequently involved in the action of the war, remained impartial. The events of the final year of the war constitute the main part of the Iliad of Homer. The Trojan War probably reflected a real war (c.1200 ) between the invading Greeks and the people of Troas, possibly over control of trade through the Dardanelles.

The Segmental arch was used first by Romans for long spans.

The Romans figured out that arches need not be semi-circle but could be segmented for longer structures like bridges.

It lasted only 50 more years. One of his successors was murdered by the army commander, who established his own dynasty, but the empire disintegrated.

If you are referring to the plebeian tribunes, rather than the military tribunes, their establishment reflected social divisions and conflict, rather than values. These tribunes were established during the first rebellion by plebeian movement (594 BC) which started the 200-year long Conflict of the Orders between the patricians (the aristocracy) and the plebeians (the commoners).

The poor plebeians rebelled because the Roman state, which at that time was patrician-controlled, refused to meet their demand for protection for defaulting creditors who imprisoned them, tortured them and sometimes sold them as slaves. At that time the rich ensured labour from the poor through debt bondage/slavery (nexus). The poor were locked into perpetual indebtedness at unaffordable levels so that debt was repaid through labour services. This was a system which lent itself to the abuse mentioned above.

During the first rebellion the plebeians created their own assembly to deliberate of their issues (the Plebeian Council) and leaders for their movement (the plebeian tribunes). In the negotiations to end the rebellion, the plebeians obtained the recognition of their assembly and their leaders by the Roman state. The plebeian tribunes were recognised as representatives of the plebeians, but not as officers of state and were not integrated in the patrician-controlled Roman state. Their authority was derived from what was effectively a lynch law.

The plebeians swore to obey their leaders and to defend them to the death: that is, they would kill anyone who would try to harm them. This was legitimised through the lex sacrata. This was a religious rule according to which someone who harmed the gods was declared sacer esto (let him be accursed) and became forfeit to the gods. Anyone who killed such an offender carried out a sacred duty and was exempted from penalties. This rule was applied to the plebeian tribunes, who became sacrosanct (inviolable). This was instituted because the plebeians vowed retribution in case of attacks on their leaders.

The plebeian tribunes' inviolability through the lex sacrata gave them extensive powers, which included enforcing their will by coercion (coercitio, which was a right otherwise held only by the officers of state to compel reluctant citizens to obey their orders) imposing penalties, imprisonment or even the death penalty. These powers were restricted to cases when their authority was challenged or there was a verbal of physical attack on them. The plebeian tribunes also had a special right to provocation (calling out). This was a right Roman citizens had to appeal to the people against an officer of state's arbitrary use of power. The citizen could shout "provoco ad populum" (I call out to the people) to have the action stopped. The plebeian tribunes could stop an action which they deemed harmful to the plebeians or rescue the plebeians by using provocatio on their behalf. By doing so he gave assistance (auxilium) to the plebeians. This was an extra-legal procedure which was made enforceable through the dire consequences of the lex sacrata and the inviolability of the plebeian tribunes. It required the physical presence of the plebeian tribunes and was not applicable outside the city walls.

He was able to maintain his position in Italy for 14 years in the face of overwhelming numerical supperiority of Rome and its allies. He achieved this not by attacking the city, for which he had insufficient resources, but by his efforts to detach some of Rome's allies to his own side. This only came to an end when Rome, taking the strategy of the indirect approach, landed an army in North Africa threatening Carthage, which latter called him and his army home to defend the city.

It was the dominant power in mainland Greece, but was soon at war with its previous allies and Athens, and was decisevly defeated by Thebes three decades later, after which its series of losses of military manpower relegated it to a second-rate power.

This is a matter of historical speculation but both 'styles' of the body armour may have been worn either as a matter of choice or necessity . Personally I think the cuirass was worn by the Spartan hoplite .

No. The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC, made using http://www.answers.com/topic/terra-cotta disks. A Greek vase from this period shows a boy playing yo-yo. Not a weapon.

Alexander the Great as hegemon of a united Greek army.