Ancient Wars

Which particular war? The Persian what?

Land warfare, naval warfare and amphibious warfare.

Which Italian wars - we have them recorded over about 2,500 years.

Athens' empire was built on the Delian League which was formed to contain Persian invasion. Once peace was arranged with the Persian Empire, Athens kept those states under control and turned them into an empire of its own.

Presumably an analyis of the Peloponnesian War. Who did it?

Which Zealots do you have in mind?

of course not. If you intend to kill everyone and your enemies know this then they will fight to the last man since there is no point to giving up they will make you pay. If you take slaves and treat some of them with decency then they may be willing to surrender making your job easier. Diplomacy does work on occasion.

Most of the peoples of the world - those not located in Northeastern Europe, North Africa and Western Asia.

The romans

According to myth they did. Aeneas and his group were supposed to be refugees from Troy. However in reality Rome was probably established by a group of local farmers banning together for mutual protection.

. . . Sparta tried to settle Athens' affairs and its status when deprived of its empire, but was in turn defeated by Thebes, and the resulting instability in Greek affairs brought the intervention of Persia imposing peace on them. The instbility paved the way for the subsequent dominance of Macedonia.

Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar.

Aegean Sea

Siege towers were of benefit in breaching enemy defenses/fortifications . For those within the siege engine itself they were in danger of having boiling oil scalding them and if the tower were set alight then those trapped could be burned alive or subject to missiles as they attempted to exit and flee from the tower itself .

cornum

Nothing. Rather, his reign was a period of loss of territory in Palestine.

depends. if they broke the rules, they were treated harshly, but other than that, they were treated fine.

Darius followed the rational approach of his predecessors in the Middle East - the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, and his Persian predecessors Cyrus and Cambyses - in establishing provincial governors to oversee the efforts of the local governments of the cities, tribes and aristocracies. It was a good recipe because it worked. He fine-tuned the work of his predecessors, and it worked.

Communication in a pre-mechanical and aerial transport and electronic age was always a problem. The distances of up to 5,000 km were always a massive problem when you think of receiving intelligence and responding to it at 5km/hour - up to six weeks. He had two responses - use of boats on sea and river, and posting houses with relays of horses for roads. Having these established system in place provided the best available response to an otherwise impossible communications system, to allow governors and king to respond to problems in a timely way.

megara were on the side of Athens vs. Sparta Argos didn't take part because they didn't want to get into trouble. in this way they were a sort of coward

The Servile Wars were thee separate and unrelated rebellions. In the third one, escaped gladiators gathered 120,000 slaves. They were an effective fighting force which defeated Roman army detachments sent against them. They also pillaged the countryside and looted towns. This lasted for three years. The Romans had to assemble 8 legions to defeat them.

The men who suppressed the rebellion, Crassus and Pompey marched on Rome and refused to disband their armies. They stood for election as consuls and both were elected, even though Pompey was not eligible. This was due to the presence of their armies encamped outside the city. Their action was a further subversion of the republican institutione as it was another instance of the army being used to obtain political gain 'unconstitutionally'. The bust from the suppression of the rebellion helped these two men to become powerful. Later they formed the triumviratum, a tripartite alliance with Caesar which made these thee men the most powerful politicians in the Republic.

In the winter of 71 BC Gannicus along with Castus broke off from Spartacus taking a large number of Celts and Germans with them marking the second break off of the rebellion. Gannicus and Castus met their end in Lucania near Mount Soprano (Mount Camalatrum) where Marcus Licinius Crassus, Pomptinus and Rufus entrenched their forces in battle and defeated them.

It relied on a torsion (twisting) to provide the energy for the throw, as opposed to a counterweight.

The emblem of Legio 11 under the leadership of Gaius Julius Ceasar was Neptune for the period 58 - 45 BCE and has been disbanded. It was reconstituted by Emperor Agustus to fight the civil war for the assassins of Julius Ceasar. It was still in service in the 5th century CE in the vicinity of Danube river.

They occupied northern Greece and Athens, with some of those city-states going over to the Persian side. Then the Greek naval forces, having failed at Thermopylae, defeated the Persian navy in the strait of Salamis opposite Athens. This exposed the Persian sea supply route, and as the countryside could not support them in the coming winter, half their army had to go back to Asia, and the remainder withdrew to winter in Thessaly where there were grasslands for the cavalry horses. The following spring the Greek cities sent their armies to join together at Plataia where they defeated the Persians and their Greek allies. At the same time their naval forces destroyed the remainder of the Persian fleet at Mykale in Asia Minor.