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Astronauts
This category is for questions related to the personal requirements of Astronautical missions. The training, living accommodations, and working conditions both on the Earth and in space are discussed here. For further information on a particular astronaut, please see the name in question.
1,993 Questions
Where did the astronauts sleep on Apollo 11?
they slept in their beds at home! by Anna Adams....best answer on internet?
mars
Which astronaut was on the that was aborted due to emergency?
The Apollo13 moon mission was aborted due to a blast. the astronauts were Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise.
No, the noun 'astronauts' is a common noun, the plural form of the noun 'astronaut', a general word for someone who is trained to travel in a spacecraft.
A proper noun is the name of a specific person, place, or thing. A proper noun for the common noun 'astronauts' is the names of the astronauts.
How many astronauts were in the first class of astronauts?
The first selected Cosmonauts for the Soviet union were:
- Yuri Gagarin
- Valery Bykovsky
- Andrian Nikolayev
- Pavel Popovich
- Gherman Titov
- Grigori Nelyubov
The first class of American Astronauts were the Mercury astronauts:
- Alan Shepherd
- Gordon Cooper
- Scott Carpenter
- John Glenn
- Deke Slayton
- Gus Grisom
- Wally Schirra
Why is Ellen Ochoa important to Hispanic History?
Ellen Ochoa became the first Hispanic woman to go to space
Do medical doctors have a good chance of becoming a NASA astronaut?
Quite a few M.D.'s have qualified and flown as NASA Mission Specialists (Astronauts are military flight officers, not doctors) over the years that the Space Program has been in existence. However, they are typically specialists in physiology unique to space travel, or are individuals with multiple doctorates (medicine, astrophysics, etc.). Just being an M.D. isn't good enough - you have to possess qualifications that are germane to an upcoming NASA mission (Aerosopace medicine), and that typically eliminates most M.D.'s unless they're qualified in other areas.
Why should the astronauts use a spacesuits and helmet while walking in the space?
Astronauts wear spacesuits due to the absence of pressure in space. They need
to maintain the pressure level on Earth by isolating themselves from actual space.
For the helmets: there is no oxygen in space. Humans require oxygen to live,
inhaling it through their nose and mouth. Therefore if they do not wear helmets,
they will die instantly from loss of oxygen.
What happens if you drink urine?
If you have very low water you can drink urine for surviving although it's not veery healthy of course. it doesn't affect your organs if you drink it for 1-2 days but if you drink it too many days it can be a problem.
What would happen if an astronaut took off their glove for a few seconds in space?
Human skin makes an excellent seal against the vacuum of space. Beyond that there are a lot of things to take into consideration. But if only the hand is exposed, then it will swell slightly as the internal body pressure press out. As heat loss on earth is due to conduction, convection and radiation In a vacuum there is no water or air molecules, so heat loss is through radiation Unless you touch a cold object then conduction heat loss would occur. Direct exposure sunlight would warm it up quite a bit. NASA has compiled quite list based on industrial accidents on the extents of a vacuum environment on the human body.
How many people have gone into space to date and what are their names?
As of June 15, 2010, a total of 518 humans from 38 countries have gone into space according to the FAI guideline, (524 people have qualified when including the Department of Defense classification). Of those totals, 3 people completed only a sub-orbital flight, 515 people reached Earth orbit, 24 traveled beyond low Earth orbit and 12 walked on the Moon.
- Names in italic are space travelers who have left Low Earth orbit.
- A * before a name indicates that the person died during spaceflight.
- Joseph M. Acaba
- Loren Acton
- James Adamson
- Viktor M. Afanasyev
- Thomas Akers
- Toyohiro Akiyama, the first business-sponsored space traveler and the first Japanese in space.
- Vladimir Aksyonov
- Sultan Salman Al Saud, first Saudi Arabian in space, only royal person in space, first middle eastern person in space.
- Edwin Buzz Aldrin (born 1930), flew on Apollo 11 and was the second person to walk on the Moon.
- Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov
- Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov
- Andrew M. Allen
- Joseph P. Allen
- Scott Altman
- William Anders, first Asian-born person in space. (Anders was born in Hong Kong, but was an American citizen.)
- Clayton Anderson
- *Michael P. Anderson, (1959-2003), died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- Anousheh Ansari (born 1966), fourth spaceflight participant and first female spaceflight participant, first female Muslim in space, and first Iranian in space.
- Dominic A. Antonelli
- Jerome Apt
- Lee Archambault
- Neil Armstrong (born 1930), flew on Apollo 11 and was the first person to walk on the Moon.
- Richard R. Arnold
- Anatoly Artsebarsky
- Yuri Artyukhin (1930-1998)
- Jeffrey Ashby
- Oleg Atkov
- Toktar Aubakirov, first Kazakh born person in space.
- Sergei Avdeyev
- James Bagian
- Ellen Baker
- Michael Baker
- Aleksandr Balandin
- Michael Barratt
- Daniel Barry
- John-David F. Bartoe
- Yuri Baturin, first Russian politician in space.
- Patrick Baudry, first African-born man and second Frenchman in space
- Alan Bean, flew on Apollo 12 and was the fourth person to walk on the Moon.
- Robert L. Behnken
- Ivan Bella, first Slovak in space.
- Pavel Belyayev (1925-1970)
- Georgi Beregovoi (1921-1995), earliest-born person to go into space.
- Anatoli Berezovoy
- Brian Binnie, second commercial (launched by a private company) astronaut. Suborbital flight only.
- John Blaha
- Michael J. Bloomfield
- Guion Bluford, first African-American in space.
- Karol Bobko, first graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to become an astronaut.
- Eric A. Boe
- Charles Bolden
- Roberta Bondar, first Canadian woman in space.
- Frank Borman, commander of Apollo 8, the first spaceflight to orbit the Moon.
- Stephen G. Bowen
- Kenneth Bowersox
- Charles Brady (1951-2006)
- Vance Brand
- Daniel Brandenstein
- Randolph Bresnik
- Roy Bridges. Became Director of the Kennedy Space Center in March 1997
- Curtis Brown
- *David M. Brown (1956-2003)
- Mark Brown
- James Buchli
- Jay Buckey
- Nikolai Budarin
- Daniel Burbank
- Daniel Bursch
- Valery Bykovsky (born 1934)
- Robert Cabana
- Tracy Caldwell
- Charles Camarda
- Kenneth Cameron
- Duane Carey
- Scott Carpenter, a Project Mercury astronaut.
- Gerald Carr
- Sonny Carter, (1947-1991)
- John Casper
- Christopher J. Cassidy, 500th astronaut in space.
- Robert Cenker
- Gene Cernan, flew on Apollo 17
- Gregory Chamitoff
- Franklin Chang-Diaz, the only Costa Rican, first Hispanic-American in space, holder of the shared record of seven space flights.
- *Kalpana Chawla (1961-2003), first Indian-American woman in space, died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- Maurizio Cheli
- Leroy Chiao
- Kevin Chilton
- Jean-Loup Chrétien, first French person in space and first non-Soviet European to walk in space
- *Laurel B. Clark (1961-2003), died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- Mary Cleave
- Jean-François Clervoy
- Michael Clifford
- Michael Coats
- Kenneth Cockrell
- Catherine Coleman (born 1960)
- Eileen Collins
- Michael Collins (born 1930), flew on Apollo 11 crew. Was the first Italian-born person in space. (Collins was born in Rome to American parents.)
- Pete Conrad, Apollo 12, (1930-1999), the third person to walk on the Moon and the commander of the first Skylab mission.
- Gordon Cooper (1927-2004), the first American to fly in space for a day.
- Richard Covey
- Timothy Creamer
- John Creighton
- Robert Crippen, Space Shuttle pioneer
- Roger Crouch
- Frank Culbertson
- Walter Cunningham, flew on Apollo 7.
- Robert Curbeam
- Nancy Currie
- Nancy Jan Davis
- Lawrence J. DeLucas
- Frank De Winne
- Vladimir N. Dezhurov
- *Georgi Dobrovolski (1928-1971)
- Takao Doi, first Japanese to walk in space.
- B. Alvin Drew
- Brian Duffy
- Charles Duke, flew on Apollo 16.
- Bonnie J. Dunbar
- Pedro Duque, first Spaniard in space.
- Samuel T. Durrance
- James Dutton
- Lev Dyomin (1926-1998)
- Vladimir Dzhanibekov, first Uzbekistan-born man in space
- Joe Edwards
- Donn F. Eisele (1930-1987), flew on Apollo 7.
- Anthony W. England
- Joseph H. Engle
- Ronald Evans (1933-1990)
- Reinhold Ewald
- Léopold Eyharts
- John Fabian
- Muhammed Faris, first Syrian in space.
- Bertalan Farkas, first Hungarian in space.
- Jean-Jacques Favier
- Fèi Jùnlóng, flew on Shenzhou 6
- Konstantin Feoktistov (1926-2009)
- Christopher Ferguson
- Martin J. Fettman
- Andrew J. Feustel
- Anatoli Filipchenko
- Michael Fincke
- Anna Fisher
- William Frederick Fisher
- Klaus-Dietrich Flade
- Michael Foale, holds the American and British Record for time spent in space at 374 days, 11 hours, 19 minutes.
- Kevin A. Ford
- Michael Foreman
- Patrick Forrester
- Michael Fossum
- Stephen Frick
- Dirk Frimout, first Belgian in space.
- Christer Fuglesang, first Swede in space.
- Charles Fullerton
- Reinhard Furrer (1940-1995)
- Francis Gaffney
- Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968), first person in space.
- Ronald Garan
- Dale Gardner
- Guy Gardner
- Jake Garn, a United States Senator and first politician in space.
- Marc Garneau, first Canadian in space.
- Owen Garriott
- Richard Garriott, first second generation American in space, son of skylab astronaut, Owen Garriott.
- Charles Gemar
- Michael Gernhardt
- Edward Gibson
- Robert L. Gibson
- Yuri Gidzenko
- Yuri Glazkov (1939-2008)
- John Glenn (born 1921), first American to orbit the Earth, and later, the oldest person to make a spaceflight.
- Linda Godwin
- Michael T. Good
- Viktor Gorbatko
- Richard Gordon, flew on Apollo 12.
- Dominic Gorie
- Ronald Grabe
- Georgi Grechko
- Frederick Gregory
- William Gregory
- Stanley Griggs (1939-1989)
- Virgil Grissom (1926-1967), first NASA astronaut to go into space twice and the first person to go into space twice in a capsule-type spacecraft. Would have been the first person to fly three times. Died in the Apollo 1 disaster.
- John Grunsfeld
- Aleksei Gubarev
- Umberto Guidoni
- Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa, first Mongolian in space.
- Sidney Gutierrez
- Chris Hadfield, first Canadian to walk in space.
- Claudie Haigneré, first Frenchwoman in space.
- Jean-Pierre Haigneré
- Fred Haise, flew on Apollo 13.
- James Halsell
- Kenneth Ham
- Lloyd Hammond
- Gregory Harbaugh
- Bernard Harris, first African-American to walk in space.
- Terry Hart
- Henry Hartsfield
- Frederick Hauck
- Steven Hawley
- Susan Helms
- Karl Henize (1926-1993)
- Thomas Hennen
- Terence Henricks
- Miroslaw Hermaszewski, first Pole in space.
- Jose Hernández
- John Herrington, first Native American in space.
- Richard Hieb
- Joan Higginbotham
- David Hilmers
- Kathryn Hire
- Charles Hobaugh
- Jeffrey Hoffman
- Scott Horowitz
- Akihiko Hoshide
- Millie Hughes-Fulford, first female Payload Specialist.
- Douglas G. Hurley
- *Rick D. Husband (1957-2003), died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- James Irwin (1930-1991), flew on Apollo 15.
- Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
- Georgi Ivanov, first Bulgarian in space.
- Marsha Ivins
- Sigmund Jähn, first German in space
- Mae Jemison, first African-American woman in space
- Tamara E. Jernigan
- Brent W. Jett, Jr.
- Jing Haipeng
- Gregory C. Johnson
- Gregory H. Johnson
- Thomas D. Jones
- Leonid Kadenyuk, first Ukrainian in space since independence.
- Alexander Kaleri, first Russian in space since independence.
- Janet Kavandi
- James Kelly
- Mark E. Kelly
- Scott Kelly
- Joseph Kerwin
- Yevgeny Khrunov (1933-2000)
- Robert S. Kimbrough
- Leonid Kizim (1941-2010)
- Pyotr Klimuk, first Belarusian in space.
- *Vladimir Komarov (1927-1967), killed during a USSR space flight.
- Yelena V. Kondakova
- Oleg Kononenko, first Turkmenistan-born man in space
- Timothy L. Kopra
- Mikhail Korniyenko
- Valery Korzun
- Oleg Kotov
- Vladimir Kovalyonok
- Konstantin Kozeyev
- Kevin Kregel
- / Sergei Krikalev, six space flights and, as of 2008, holds record for longest total time in space: 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes.
- Valeri Kubasov
- André Kuipers
- Aleksandr Laveykin
- Guy Laliberté
- Wendy Lawrence
- Vasili Lazarev (1928-1990)
- Aleksandr Lazutkin
- Valentin Lebedev
- Mark C. Lee
- David Leestma
- William B. Lenoir
- Aleksei Leonov, first person to "walk in space" (to make an EVA).
- Frederick W. Leslie
- Anatoli Levchenko (1941-1988)
- Byron Lichtenberg, first NASA Payload Specialist.
- Don Lind
- Steven Lindsey
- Jerry Linenger
- Richard Linnehan
- Gregory Linteris
- Liu Boming
- Paul Lockhart
- Yuri Lonchakov
- / Michael Lopez-Alegria
- John Lounge
- Jack Lousma
- Stanley G. Love
- Jim Lovell, flew on Apollo 8, the first spaceship to orbit the Moon, and on Apollo 13.
- G. David Low (1956-2008)
- Edward Lu
- Shannon Lucid, first Asian-born woman in space. As of 2006, holder of the woman's spaceflight-duration record.
- Vladimir Lyakhov
- Steven MacLean
- Sandra Magnus
- Oleg Makarov (1933-2003)
- Yuri Malenchenko
- Franco Malerba, first Italian in space. (Michael Collins was born in Rome, Italy in 1930, he has always been an American citizen, born of American parents.)
- Yuri Malyshev (1941-1999)
- Gennadi Manakov
- Musa Manarov, first Azerbaidjan-born man in space
- Thomas H. Marshburn
- Michael Massimino
- Richard Mastracchio
- Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II (born 1936), flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS-51-C.
- K. Megan McArthur
- William S. McArthur
- Jon McBride
- Bruce McCandless II
- *William C. McCool (1961-2003), died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- Michael McCulley
- James McDivitt, flew on Apollo 9.
- Donald McMonagle
- *Ronald McNair (1950-1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- Carl Meade
- Bruce Melnick
- Pamela Melroy
- Leland D. Melvin
- Mike Melvill, first commercial (launched by a private company) astronaut. Suborbital flight only.
- Ulf Merbold
- Ernst Messerschmid
- Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
- Edgar Mitchell, flew on Apollo 14.
- Abdul Ahad Mohmand, first Afghan in space.
- Mamoru Mohri
- Barbara Morgan
- Lee Morin
- Boris Morukov
- Chiaki Mukai, first Japanese woman in space.
- Richard Mullane
- Talgat Musabayev
- Story Musgrave
- Steven R. Nagel
- Bill Nelson, second politician in space.
- George Nelson
- Rodolfo Neri Vela, first Mexican in space.
- Paolo A. Nespoli
- James H. Newman
- Claude Nicollier, first Swiss in space.
- Niè Hǎishèng, flew on Shenzhou 6
- Andriyan Nikolayev (1929-2004)
- Soichi Noguchi
- Carlos I. Noriega, first Peruvian-born person in space.
- Lisa Nowak
- Karen Nyberg
- Bryan O'Connor
- Ellen Ochoa, first Hispanic woman in space.
- Wubbo Ockels, first Dutch citizen in space.
- William Oefelein
- John D. Olivas
- Gregory Olsen, third spaceflight participant.
- *Ellison Onizuka (1946-1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- Yuri Onufrienko
- Stephen Oswald
- Robert Overmyer (1936-1996)
- Gennady Padalka
- William Pailes
- Scott Parazynski
- Ronald A. Parise (1951-2008)
- Robert Parker
- Nicholas Patrick
- *Viktor Patsayev (1933-1971)
- James Pawelczyk
- Julie Payette
- Gary Payton, first military astronaut.
- Philippe Perrin, first Morocco-born man in space
- Donald Peterson
- Donald Pettit
- Pham Tuân, first Vietnamese and first Asian in space.
- John Phillips
- William Pogue
- Alan G. Poindexter
- Mark Polansky
- Alexander Poleshchuk
- Valeri Polyakov, holds record for single longest spaceflight, 437 days.
- Marcos Pontes, first Brazilian in space.
- Leonid Popov
- Pavel Popovich (1930-2009), first Ukrainian-born person in space.
- Charles Precourt
- Dumitru Prunariu, first Romanian in space.
- *Ilan Ramon (1954-2003), first Israeli in space, died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- William Readdy
- Kenneth Reightler
- James F. Reilly
- Garrett Reisman
- Thomas Reiter, first German to walk in space and first ESA astronaut to stay on the ISS.
- VladimÃr Remek, first Czech and first non-Soviet European in space.
- *Judith Resnik (1949-1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- Paul W. Richards
- Richard N. Richards
- Sally Ride, first American woman in space.
- Stephen Robinson
- Roman Romanenko
- Yuri Romanenko
- Kent Rominger
- Stuart Roosa (1933-1994), flew on Apollo 14.
- Jerry L. Ross, flew on seven space flights.
- Valeri Rozhdestvensky
- Nikolay Rukavishnikov (1932-2002)
- Mario Runco, Jr.
- Valery Ryumin
- Albert Sacco
- Gennadi Sarafanov (1942-2005)
- Robert Satcher
- Viktor Savinykh
- Svetlana Savitskaya, first woman to walk in space.
- Wally Schirra (1923-2007)
- Hans Schlegel
- Harrison Schmitt, flew on Apollo 17.
- Rusty Schweickart
- *Dick Scobee (1939-1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- David Scott
- Winston Scott
- Paul Scully-Power
- Richard Searfoss
- Rhea Seddon
- Ronald Sega
- Piers Sellers
- Aleksandr Serebrov
- Vitali Sevastyanov
- Yuri Shargin, first Russian military cosmonaut
- Salizhan Sharipov [3], first Kyrgyzstan-born man in space
- Rakesh Sharma, first Indian in space.
- Helen Sharman, first Briton in space.
- Vladimir Shatalov, first Kazakhstan-born man in space
- Brewster Shaw
- Alan Shepard (1923-1998), first American in space.
- William Shepherd
- Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, first Malaysian in space
- Georgi Shonin (1935-1997)
- Loren Shriver
- Mark Shuttleworth, second spaceflight participant and first South African in space.
- Charles Simonyi, fifth spaceflight participant.
- Aleksandr Skvortsov
- Donald "Deke" Slayton (1924-1996), a Mercury astronaut.
- Steven Smith
- Anatoly Solovyev, first Latvia-born man in space
- Vladimir Solovyov
- Sherwood Spring
- Robert Springer
- Thomas Patten Stafford
- Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
- Robert Stewart
- Susan Still
- Nicole Stott
- Gennady Strekalov (1940-2004)
- Frederick Sturckow
- Kathryn Sullivan, first American woman to walk in space.
- Maksim Surayev
- Steven Swanson
- John "Jack" Swigert (1931-1982), flew on Apollo 13.
- Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, the first Cuban and the first person from a country in the Western Hemisphere other than the U.S. to travel to space. He was also the first Hispanophone and first person of African ancestry in space.
- Daniel Tani
- Joseph Tanner
- Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space.
- Norman Thagard
- Gerhard Thiele
- Robert Thirsk
- Andrew Thomas
- Donald Thomas
- Kathryn Thornton, first woman to make multiple EVAs.
- William Thornton
- Pierre Thuot
- Dennis Tito, first self-funded spaceflight participant.
- Gherman Titov (1935-2000), the second person to make a space flght and the first to stay up for a day.
- Vladimir Titov
- Michel Tognini
- Valery Tokarev
- Sergei Treschev
- Eugene Trinh, first Vietnamese-American in space.
- Richard Truly
- Bjarni Tryggvason, first Iceland-born man in space
- Vasili Tsibliyev
- Mikhail Tyurin
- Yury Usachev
- Lodewijk van den Berg, first Dutch-born astronaut.
- James "Ox" van Hoften
- Vladimir Vasyutin (1952-2002)
- Charles Veach (1944-1995)
- Franz Viehböck, first Austrian in space.
- Alexander Viktorenko
- Terry Virts
- Pavel Vinogradov
- Roberto Vittori
- Igor Volk
- Sergey Volkov, first second generation astronaut or cosmonaut in space, son of Alexander Volkov.
- *Vladislav Volkov (1935-1971), killed on Soyuz 11.
- Alexander Volkov
- Boris Volynov, first Jewish person in space.
- James Voss
- Janice Voss
- Koichi Wakata
- Rex Walheim
- Charles Walker
- David M. Walker, (1944-2001)
- Joseph A. Walker (1921-1966), first person to enter space twice. Suborbital flights only.
- Shannon Walker - Soyuz TMA-19
- Ulrich Walter
- Carl Walz
- Taylor Wang, first ethnic Chinese person in space.
- Mary Weber
- Paul Weitz
- James Wetherbee
- Edward White (1930-1967), first American to "walk in space" (make an EVA). Died in the Apollo 1 disaster.
- Douglas H. Wheelock
- Peggy Whitson
- Terrence Wilcutt
- Dafydd Williams
- Donald Williams
- Jeffrey Williams
- Sunita "Suni" Williams
- Barry Wilmore
- Stephanie Wilson
- Peter Wisoff
- David Wolf
- Alfred Worden
- Naoko Yamazaki
- Yáng Lìwěi, first Chinese national in space.
- Boris Yegorov (1937-1994)
- Aleksei Yeliseyev
- Yi So-yeon, first South Korean in space.
- John Young, flew on two Gemini, two Apollo (Apollo 10 and Apollo 16), and two Space Shuttle missions.
- Fyodor Yurchikhin, First Greek in space, first Georgia-born man in space
- Sergei Zalyotin
- George D. Zamka
- Zhai Zhigang, first Chinese to walk in space.
- Vitaliy Zholobov
- Vyacheslav Zudov
It is when a lack of gravity allows the body's fluids to move out of the legs, making them look spindle-like. The excess fluid moves into the head, causing puffy faces. After a few days the body gets things sorted out and the puffy face goes away. See the link I am posting below.
What are 10 things astronauts need in space?
1. A vehicle suitable to return the astronaut back to earth.
2. Oxygen
3. A system of guidance and spacecraft orientation
4. Fuel
5. Carbon dioxide removal system
6. Food & water
7. Protection from solar radiation
What temperatures can space suits withstand?
space suits can withstand minus 250 to 250 degrees fahrenheit
How do astronauts get rid of their poop?
They freeze it then let it out into space like if ur in a plane they freeze it then they drop it anywhere when the carrier gets full!
they put it in a zip log bag
Why did Sally Ride want to become an astronaut?
it was hard because over 1000 people entered and she was one of the 208 people selected and she didnt just get picked because she was a girl she was picked because of her skills and she reallyu wanted people to understand that and make it less stressful trying to tell everyone that so she got friends to help spread it and then she was able to work harder
Did Fred Haise get his job for Apollo 13 because he know Jim Lovell?
Every astronaut knew all the other astronauts. The astronauts worked together on many projects, often travelling together. So yes, Lovell knew Haise, but he also knew every other astronaut.
The Mercury astronauts received their flight assignments from Robert Gilruth, the head of NASA's manned flight program in the early 60's. It was Gilruth who decided that Alan Shepard be the first American in space and that John Glenn be the first American to orbit the earth. Astronaut Deke Slayton was chosen to fly the 4th Mercury mission (the mission after Glenn), but was grounded in September 1962 before he was able to fly, and his place was taken by Scott Carpenter aboard Aurora 7. Slayton was the only member of the Mercury Seven who did not fly in the Mercury program. Slayton eventually cleared up his irregular heart beat enough to be assigned to the last Apollo mission. His ASTP flight was the first joint mission between the United States and the Soviet Union.
After Slayton was grounded by NASA, he was also grounded by the Air Force. With a new group of astronauts coming into NASA, the administrators felt that they needed someone in charge of the Astronaut Office. His fellow Mercury astronauts insisted that Slayton be given the job and NASA agreed. As the "chief astronaut" Slayton not only selected which pilots became astronauts, he also made crew assignments for space flights. His selections were sent to his superiors in Washington DC for approval. The only time his selection was overruled was when he assigned Joe Engle as the Apollo 17 Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). Since it would be the last lunar landing flight, scientists insisted that geologist, Harrison Schmitt, be assigned as LMP. NASA brass agreed and Schmitt replaced Engle as LMP.
Slayton made all the crew assignments based on availability and need. The first person usually assigned to a flight crew was the commander. While the commander did not chose who flew with him, he did have veto power over Slayton's choices. A commander could ask for a particular astronaut to be assigned to his crew, but there were no guarantees he would get his first choice. One such incident involved Pete Conrad, the Commander of Apollo 12. Slayton assigned Richard Gordon and Clifton C. Williams to Conrad's crew. Conrad initially asked Slayton for Alan Bean instead of Williams. Bean was a student of Conrad's when Conrad was flight instructor at the Naval Flight Test Facility in Patuxent River, Maryland. The 2 men had been best friends for over 10 years, but Slayton stuck with Williams. Conrad finally got his way when Williams was killed in a plane crash on October 5, 1967.
For the most part, the logic behind the crew selection process was kept secret. The only leaks we have are those provided by the crewmembers themselves. It's completely possible that Lovell could have asked for Haise, but if he did, he didn't reveal it in his book. The more likely reason Haise was selected was because he was the best available LMP.
What are the forces that act on an astronaut in outer space?
Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of force.
If the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the work done is zero.
If the satellite is in a perfectly circular orbit, then the force of gravity is always
perpendicular to the satellite's velocity, and gravity never does any work.
If the orbit isn't circular, then there is a radial component of velocity at most points in
the orbit, and some gravitational acceleration, work, etc., but those are exactly matched
by negative values at other points in the orbit, and the total over a complete orbit
is zero again.
