Australian Colonial Settlement

Captain Arthur Phillip was one of the main influencers of Australia's history.

Captain Arthur Phillip is best known as the one who established the first European settlement in Australia.

In October 1786, Phillip was appointed Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales. He foresaw the need for practical men who could build and farm, tradesmen who would be useful in the new colony, and he requested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet. However, his proposal was rejected, or ignored.

The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787,and arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip immediately determined that there was insufficient fresh water, an absence of usable timber, poor quality soil and no safe harbour at Botany Bay. Thus the fleet was moved to Port Jackson, arriving on 26 January 1788.

Phillip faced many obstacles in his attempts to establish the new colony. British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil: much of the seed had rotted or been eaten by rats on the journey over, and the implements and tools could not stand up to the tougher treatment and conditions of the Australian soil and climate. The colony faced near-starvation in its first two years, and was finally saved by the success of a barley crop.

Out of necessity, due to the growing need for more land in Sydney, Phillip undertook several expeditions of exploration in the immediate area. His explorations resulted in the first spread of settlement to the Parramatta and Rose Hill areas. He also traced the course of the Hawkesbury River as far upstream as he could, to Richmond Hill, and he then continued on to the junction with the Grose River.

Despite numerous setbacks, under Phillip's rationing and sensible direction, the colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip. As a military man, he began to establish a legal code by publishing weekly orders for the governance of the colony. It was by his leadership alone that the colony became entirely self-sufficient. He also worked to improve understanding with the local Aborigines.

Also whilst Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip established the military colony to protect the East India Company trade as directed, and in doing so also preempted French intrusion into the area. He also established a station on Norfolk Island, under Philip Gidley King, to begin to supply masts and flax for the British fleet.

Captain Arthur Phillip was aboard the First Fleet for the entire time that it sailed.

The question may mean how long did Phillip remain with the group of convicts that came to be known as the First Fleet of convicts. In this case, Phillip was appointed as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales in October 1786, and he remained in New South Wales until poor health forced him to returnto England in December 1792.

It is uncertain whether the question means "Why did the First Fleet sail?", or "Why did it sail from Portsmouth?"

The First Fleet sailed with a load of around seven hundred convicts bound for New South Wales on the Australian continent, to establish a penal colony there. This would alleviate the problem of overcrowded prisons in England.

The fleet sailed from Portsmouth because that was where a large natural harbour lay, on the southern coast of England. It was a major naval port, and capable of easily holding the eleven ships of the First Fleet. Although not the closest port to London, the capital city, it was certainly the largest, most navigable port, and a logical choise for the First Fleet to depart from.

On 26 January 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip raised the Union Jack to claim "New South Wales" as belonging to England. It was a military colony with convict labour and free settlers to produce food. The First Fleet actually arrived at Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip immediately determined that there was insufficient fresh water, an absence of usable timber, poor quality soil and no safe harbour at Botany Bay. Thus the fleet was moved to Port Jackson, where Sydney now stands, arriving on 26 January 1788.

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The convicts had no choice: they were sent to New South Wales, as the eastern half of Australia was then known. This was to solve the problem of Britain's overcrowded prisons (a consequence of the massive changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution) by establishing a new penal colony in a land which showed promise for eventually becoming self-supporting. Britain had been sending their excess prisoners to North America, but the American War of Independence put a stop to the practice. Following this, the English were no longer able to transport surplus prisoners who couldn't legally be executed to North America.

The problem, of course, was that the convicts couldn't simply be offloaded and left to their own devices. Soldiers and officers were needed to guard them and to establish the new colony under British authority. Extra incentive was offered to the marines by way of allowing them to bring their families, and offering them land in the new colony upon completion of their terms of service.

This wasn't the only reason why England decided to send its convicts to Australia. There were other very real benefits to Great Britain, which wished to expand the British empire, and prevent the French from gaining a foothold in the Australian continent or in that part of the Pacific. Furthermore, Britain needed a port in the East to promote trade with China and to extend its naval and commercial power. Finally, the continent had natural resources which England wanted.

However, there is strong evidence to suggest that the first European settlers in Australia were Dutch sailors stranded after being shipwrecked off the Western Australian coast in the early 1600s.

These European settlers are not to be confused with the Aboriginal people though. Aborigines came to Australia from the Indian subcontinent long before European settlers arrived.

In 1770 James Cook claimed the whole of the easternseaboard of the continent, naming it New South Wales. The Western half of the continent was still named New Holland (the original designation by the Dutch), remaining unclaimed by the British until 1826, when Edmund Lockyer made an official claim on Britain's behalf.

The First Fleet was the first fleet of eleven ships which arrived in Australia in January 1788, carrying convicts, officers, marines and their families. They arrived at Port Jackson, now known as Sydney, New South Wales, to establish a convict colony.

The First Fleet was the result of very difficult conditions in England in the 18th century. The industrial revolution had removed many people's opportunities to earn an honest wage as simpler tasks were replaced by machine labour. As unemployment rose, so did crime, especially the theft of basic necessities such as food and clothing. The British prison system was soon full to overflowing, and a new place had to be found to ship the prison inmates. The American colonies were no longer viable, following the American war of Independence. Following Captain Cook's voyage to the South Pacific in 1770, the previously uncharted continent of New Holland proved to be suitable. Cook had claimed the eastern half of the continent for England, naming it "New South Wales", and determined that a small bay in the south which he named "Botany Bay" would present the ideal conditions for a penal colony.

In August 1786 the British authorities decided to send a colonisation party of convicts, military and civilian personnel to Botany Bay, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, who was appointed Governor-designate.

Any woman or man that owned property, or at least 50 pds sterling. No matter to color or race.

Arthur Phillip was crucial to the settlement and development of Australia. Phillip was Governor of the colony of New South Wales, the first settlement of Europeans on Australian soil. He was a practical and forward-thinking man who suggested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet. Unforunately, the authorities rejected his proposal.

The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787,and arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip immediately determined that there was insufficient fresh water, an absence of usable timber, poor quality soil and no safe harbour at Botany Bay. The fleet was moved to Port Jackson, arriving on 26 January 1788.

Phillip faced many obstacles in his attempts to establish the new colony. British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil: much of the seed had rotted or been eaten by rats on the journey over, and the implements and tools could not stand up to the tougher treatment and conditions of the Australian soil and climate. The colony faced near-starvation in its first two years, and was finally saved by the success of a barley crop.

Out of necessity, due to the growing need for more land in Sydney, Phillip undertook several expeditions of exploration in the immediate area. His explorations resulted in the first spread of settlement to the Parramatta and Rose Hill areas. He also traced the course of the Hawkesbury River as far upstream as he could, to Richmond Hill, and he then continued on to the junction with the Grose River. Phillip noted the promising rich soil and timber as he traced the river to Richmond Hill.

Despite numerous setbacks, under Phillip's rationing and sensible direction, the colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip. As a military man, he began to establish a legal code by publishing weekly orders for the governance of the colony. It was by his leadership alone that the colony became entirely self-sufficient. He also worked to improve understanding with the local Aborigines.

Also whilst Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip established the military colony to protect the East India Company trade as directed, and in doing so also preempted French intrusion into the area. He also established a station on Norfolk Island, under Philip Gidley Hunter, to begin to supply masts and flax for the British fleet.

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Living conditions for the convicts on the First Fleet were quite harsh. The convicts spent most of their time below decks, with a bucket for water and a bucket for waste, although they were also permitted up on the deck to dispose of waste.

Conditions were very unsanitary, and dysentery and cholera were common, though less common than on subsequent fleets. The convicts shared ship space with rats. They were given small rations of basic flour and salted meat. Occasionally they were permitted to walk around the decks for exercise. Women were often used by the marines for their "entertainment". Many of these women willingly traded their services for extra rations.

The officers and marines had it far better, being given decent rations and living quarters. However, when food was readily available, Phillip saw to it that the convicts received sufficient food, because he certainly wanted them to be healthy enough to stand up to the rigours of building a new colony.

Punishments were, surprisingly, not so harsh. Governor Arthur Phillip was a fair and just man, and he often protected the convicts from the officers, inflicting harsher punishments on his own men who did the wrong thing than upon the convicts themselves.

See the related Web Links below for information on the conditions.

You probably refer to the first fleet sailing from Europe to the Cape as its specific destination, which was that of Jan van Riebeeck (because even the old Phoenicians could have rounded the Cape in small fleets far, far back in history and nobody will know how long these voyages took.) But commander Van Riebeeck left the Netherlands with the ships Reijger, Drommedaris and Goede Hoop just before Christmas day on 24 December 1651, to reach the Cape on 6 April 1652. He was commissioned to establish a refreshment station at the Cape for ships sailing to and from East, not to colonize the Cape.

Captain Arthur Phillip commanded the First Fleet. He was a naval officer who, in October 1786, was appointed Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales.

I am not sure what time you are asking about, but the sailors of the 1500's were tough men and they often spent time in jails. The ships crews got out of jail and took a ship out as crew. There were no bathrooms, sleeping quarters, cooking, or means to wash. The men slept on deck where they could and life was not easy. There was a reported 200 cats on the Columbus ships to kill the rats and he writes in his log how his crew was "jayle birds." The day Columbus left Spain was also the last day for the Jewish population to be able to stay in Spain, so some of his crew were Jewish.

The convicts on the First Fleet were predominantly British.

About three dozen convicts were Scottish, and nine convicts were Welsh. Australia's first bushranger, John 'Black' Caesar, was a former black slave believed to be from Madagascar, who was convicted of stealing in London and sent on the First Fleet.

Later fleets to Australia had more nationalities represented, including a greater concentration of Irish convicts.

For more details, see the related link.

Throughout his life, Blaxland was a very volatile personality, given to moods. It was, unfortunately, the nature of his personality, and in those days, there were no psychologists and psychiatrists to help.

Britain had colonies in Europe: Gibraltar & Malta. All through Africa from north to south, Kenya Malawi, North & South Rhodesia & the Union of South Africa as well as Nigeria & the Gold Coast, Ghana, the Indian sub continent, the Far East as well as Canada, Australia & New Zealand. In America British Honduras, now Belize & British Guiana, now Guyana, as well as many of the Islands of the Carribean & Bermuda. (Plus other places I haven't mentioned !) And which is the only country which is now a member of the Commonwealth which was never a member of the British Empire ?.............................. Mozambique