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Australian Colonial Settlement
Arrival of the first fleet, establishment of the colonies, and the period up to Federation in 1901.
992 Questions
Who led the First Fleet and established the colony at Sydney Cove?
The man who led the First Fleet and established the colony at Sydney Cove was Captain Arthur Phillip.
What is the hulk on the First Fleet?
There were no hulks among the ships of the First Fleet. Hulks were large ships that had been decommissioned from service in England, and instead were used as floating prisons when the gaols in England became too overcrowded to take more prisoners.
What is the opposite of colony?
If by opposite, you mean the country ruling the colony, the nation that is the centre of the empire, then you might say overlord, imperial nation, ruler, governing state, or perhaps mother country or homeland, depending on the relationship between colony and ruler.
be more specific, which colony of which sample from what experiment?
How many convicts didn't survive the First Fleet?
It seems that they they did relatively well on the First Fleet. However the same can not be said for the many convicts transported to Australia after that.
Which colonies joined the federation?
The first 4 were Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Canada purchased Ruperts Land and Northwest Territories. From that land they created Manitoba. They were not a colony before joining.
British Columbia was a colony, they joined next.
PEI was also a colony.
The Yukon, Saskatchewan, and Alberta were not British colonies unlike Newfoundland.
Nunavat was not a colony other than a Canadian colony.
So the answer is Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, PEI and Newfoundland.
There were no convicts sent to Darwin. Darwin was only established some time after transportation of convicts to Australia ceased.
Did anything change when the first fleet arrive?
Everything changed with the arrival of the First Fleet, even though some of these changes were in discernible at first. The presence of the First Fleet had lasting effects in Australia.
The people of the First Fleet established the first settlement in Australia. Convicts of the First Fleet were put to work immediately on building projects, particularly roads, and farming. They cleared the land and native plants, and prepared the ground for tilling and planting. This was the first example of early settlement impacting upon the pristine natural land and Australia's native flora and fauna.
The arrival of the First Fleet had lasting effects upon the indigenous people of Australia. When the white settlers came, the Aborigines were dispossessed of their land and, much later, "encouraged" onto reserves, supposedly for their protection. They were forced off their traditional hunting grounds, and certainly herded away from the fertile coastal areas where there was plenty of food. White settlers wrecked the very effective native fishing traps, cleared native habitats and reduced the native food supplies, as well as polluting their water.
Massacres of the indigenous people occurred on a regular basis, although this was not initially a problem associated with the First Fleet, but rather, once settlement had been established for a few years. The Europeans also introduced foods and diseases, all of which were perfectly harmless to the white settlers, but lowered the life expectancy of the aboriginal people. Simple diseases like Measles and Influenza had devastating effects on Aborigines. Foods containing wheat and sugar resulted in heart disease and obesity among the indigenous Australians. Europeans introduced new flora and fauna which took over native habitat, leading to the extinction of many plants and animals on which the Aborigines relied.
What was the religion of the First Fleet?
The people of the First Fleet were mostly (about 90%) made up of Anglicans, with around 9% being Catholics and another 1% smaller minority Christian denominations.
When did the first fleet arrive in Australia from Britain carrying prisoners?
The First Fleet arrived in Australia on 26 January 1788.
Why did Governor Phillip leave Australia?
Captain Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, chose to return to England because of poor health. Soon after arriving back in England, Phillip resigned his commission.
Where exactly did the First Fleet arrive in Australia?
The first fleet arived in the 1778 and they were the ones that inprison the prisoners in europe.
Who was Ellensbrook run by as an Aboriginal Mission?
After the original settler Alfred Bussell left Ellensbrook, his sister Edith established Ellensbrook Farm Home for Aboriginal Children. The local Nyungar people could work on the property for food and shelter.
How many wheelbarrows were taken on the First Fleet?
According to the weblink below, there were 40 wheelbarrows on the First Fleet.
What did Caroline Chisholm do?
Caroline Chisholm moved to Australia as a young married woman, around 1830. She was shocked by the conditions experienced by women and new immigrants to Sydney who had supposedly come to Australia for a better life. Many of them had nowhere to live, so lived on the streets of the town. Initially, Caroline Chisholm took some of these women into her own home.
Begging the Governor for a building that could house new female immigrants, Chisholm was able to procure Immigration Barracks. She established it as a home for women who had come from overseas and had no jobs or relatives to care for them. While they were housed there, she also worked tirelessly to find employment for these women. Because of her efforts, she was able to close the Female Immigrants Home in 1842 because it was no longer needed.
Chisholm's next step was to return to England in order to improve the conditions of the migrants on the ships which brought them to Australia. She was unable to secure government support for migrating families, but she did manage to gain free passage to Australia for the wives and children of former convicts. Her nickname was "the emigrants' friend". Whilst in London, she established the Family Colonisation Loan Society. This society provided money needed by migrant families to travel to Australia, including chartering its own ships to transport the people. The society also organised for people in Australia to find employment for these new arrivals, whilst collecting the loan repayments once the migrants were established.
Although Chisholm died in relative obscurity in England, her work was certainly remembered in Australia, and her picture was on Australia's original $5 note.
What did the convicts do when the first fleet landed in Australia?
After the First Fleet arrived in Port Jackson, and the convicts disembarked, they were immediately set to work establishing buildings and roads necessary for the new colony. The convicts literally built the colony. They constructed the buildings, roads and bridges and cut and quarried the stone for building. They cut down the trees and used the wood for building. They cleared the land, established the first farms and crops, and tended the livestock.
After a period of time, some of the more trustworthy convicts were offered a ticket of leave, then a conditional pardon, and finally a free pardon. They were given a land grant which they could use for farming, or some of them set up a trade such as blacksmith. They did not return to England.
What did John Hudson do wrong to go on the first fleet ships?
John Hudson was the youngest male convict transported to Australia in the First Fleet. Just nine years old, he was a chimney sweep who was transported for stealing clothes and a pistol.
How have climate location and resources affected the development of Australia?
Each has its attractions to different people and businesses, with settlement, migration and opportunities drawing activity to different regions according to what attractions they offer.
Where was the first place for the convict colony in 1788?
The first convict colony in Australia, established by the people of the First Fleet in 1788, was Sydney Cove, at Port Jackson. The settlement was given the name of Sydney Town, which was later shortened to just Sydney.
Why does food cook on the outside first?
If food is cooked on the stove, grill or oven, the outside is subject to the direct heat while the inside is insulated from the heat by the outer layer of food, so the outside cooks first. Picture a marshmellow roasting on the fire. The outside turns black first, while the inside remains white. That is because the outside of the marshmellow is closest to the fire, and so it heats up faster than the inside of the marshmellow. Picture putting your feet up near the fire. The soles of your feet get hotter than your ankles, because they are closest to the fire, they are facing the fire. If you stand with your back to the fire, your back gets nice and warm, not your intestines or lungs, but the skin on your back. If you put something on the stove or on the oven, the source of heat is outside of the food, and therefore the outside of the food warms up faster. If the source of heat were in the middle of the food, the inside would warm up first, but that is not the case. The source of heat is outside the food, and so the food cooks from the outside in.
How did convicts influence Australia?
It could easily be said that convicts were the ones who built Australia - socially, economically and politically.
Much of Australia's emerging national pride in the 1800s came from the sense of coming from a "downtrodden" class, and developing into a rich and vibrant country. Already in the early years, there was a distinction between the "currency lads and lasses", i.e. native-born Australians, and the British free settlers and officers (sometimes colloquially known as the "Sterling interlopers", for obvious reasons). The whole ethos of the "working bushman" (a concept which Australians still take pride in) came, in many respects, from a combination of the radical young currency class, together with the Irish political rebels and the working-class convicts. Had Australia been settled purely upon free British, we may have merely become a British outpost, instead of a young country struggling to throw off those "British bonds". It was upon this that Australia's social and political environment was built.
Economically, it was the convicts who did all the foundational work - tilling, planting and harvesting seed; experimenting with their own farms or setting up their own trades once they were free; constructing the roads and bridges of the new colony while on the road gangs; felling the timber, making the bricks, literally constructing so many of the buildings in the early decades. In the early years, convicts were put to work immediately on building projects, particularly roads, and farming. New buildings needed to be constructed as the first shelters were just tents and lean-tos. Some of the convicts were assigned as servants to the free settlers or the officers. As the colony developed, the convicts worked in more skilled areas such as smithing, building tools, and even more intellectual pursuits where they showed aptitude. One of Australia's most famous architects, Francis Greenway, was a convict.
For the reasons above, many people take pride in tracing their roots to the early Australian convicts.
