Biochemistry

Soaking green leaves in ethanol helps remove the green pigment chlorophyll and other pigments, leaving behind a colorless solution. This process is often used in the laboratory to extract plant pigments for further analysis or to study the composition of leaves. Ethanol is able to break down the cell membrane and dissolve the pigments, allowing them to be separated from the leaf tissue.

The filament in a bacterial flagellum is made of a protein called flagellin. Flagellin forms the helical structure of the flagellum filament, providing the bacterium with motility.

To make a 10 percent solution, you would need to dilute the 50 percent solution by adding 4 ml of solvent to 1 ml of the 50 percent solution. This will result in a total volume of 5 ml with a 10 percent concentration.

methylation protects the DNA. Beside using dT instead of dU, most organisms also use various enzymes to modify DNA after it has been synthesized. Two such enzymes, dam and dcmmethylate adenines and cytosines, respectively, along the entire DNA strand. This methylation makes the DNA unrecognizable to many Nucleases (enzymes which break down DNA and RNA), so that it cannot be easily attacked by invaders, like viruses or certain bacteria. Obviously, methylating the nucleotides before they are incorporated ensures that the entire strand of DNA is protected. Thymine also protects the DNA in another way. If you look at the components of nucleic acids, phosphates, sugars, and bases, you see that they are all very hydrophilic (water soluble). Obviously, adding a hydrophobic (water insoluble) methyl group to part of the DNA is going to change the characteristics of the molecule. The major effect is that the methyl group will be repelled by the rest of the DNA, moving it to a fixed position in the major groove of the helix. This solves an important problem with uracil - though it prefers adenine, uracil can base-pair with almost any other base, including itself, depending on how it situates itself in the helix. By tacking it down to a single conformation, the methyl group restricts uracil (thymine) to pairing only with adenine. This greatly improves the efficiency of DNA replication, by reducing the rate of mismatches, and thus mutations. To sum up: the replacement of thymine for uracil in DNA protects the DNA from attack and maintains the fidelity of DNA replication. Sunil Nagpal B.tech(h)Biotechnology 2nd year LPU-Jalandhar(punjab)(INDIA)

Inhibin is a hormone that specifically suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion. It is produced by the Sertoli cells in the testes and acts to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, which is necessary for sperm production. This helps to regulate the balance of hormones involved in male reproductive function.

That would be the chromosome number 23.

Regarding the [sex] chromosome number 23, the female gametes always have a [haploid] X chromatid, whereas the male gametes are just as likely to possess a [haploid] X chromatid as they are to possess a [haploid] Y chromatid.

The monoamine in the given options is b. epinephrine. It is a type of monoamine that acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone in the body, helping to regulate the "fight or flight" response.

The products of a condensation reaction between glucose and fructose are sucrose and water. In this reaction, a glycosidic bond forms between the glucose and fructose molecules, resulting in the formation of the disaccharide sucrose. Water is also produced as a byproduct of the condensation reaction.

Four 'types' of nucleotide bases - when they are read three-at-a-time - this is considered to be a triplet-codon. Triplet codons are individually related to one specific amino acid, a polypeptide being a short protein.

The FDA has approved growth hormone therapy for children with growth disorders up to age 21 in girls and 22 in boys. It is less common for growth hormone therapy to be prescribed for adults due to potential risks and limited benefits. Treatment decisions should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Enzymes are secreted by cells in various parts of the body, such as the pancreas, salivary glands, and stomach. The specific location of enzyme secretion depends on the type of enzyme and its function in the body.

A hypoglycemic hormone is a hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels in the body. Insulin is a well-known example of a hypoglycemic hormone, as it promotes the uptake and storage of glucose from the blood into cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels.

The type of reaction in which the gain of an electron takes place is called a reduction reaction. In a reduction reaction, a reactant gains electrons, thereby reducing its oxidation state. This process is often coupled with an oxidation reaction, forming a redox reaction.

AUA - Ile, AGC - Ser, GCU - Ala, and AAA is Lysine.

The kinetochore is the region of the chromosome that serves as the attachment site for microtubules during cell division. It is a protein structure that forms on the centromere of a chromatid. Kinetochore microtubules connect the chromatids to the mitotic spindle to aid in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis.

The plasma membrane separates the inside of a cell from its external environment. It is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing for the regulation of cellular processes and maintaining cell homeostasis.

No, cellulose does not have branched chains. It is a linear polymer made up of glucose units that are linked together in a straight chain structure. Branched chains are seen in other polysaccharides like glycogen and amylopectin.

Ammonia, urea, and enzymes are all involved in biological processes. Ammonia and urea are nitrogenous waste products produced during the breakdown of proteins, while enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes can be involved in the metabolism of ammonia and urea to regulate nitrogen metabolism in the body.

Per policy and procedures, the previous 3 wear periods would be averaged and a dose assigned for the time period specified by the missing badge. The assigned dose should be recorded and reported to the Radiation Safety Committee. This procedure normally is performed by the Lead Nuclear Medicine Technologist, as they are normally responsible for film badge reporting.

abbr. for keratin-myosin-epidermin-fibrinogen group; a group of proteins that have in common an α-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Some of these may show a β-type pattern in some conditions. Silk fibroin, which normally occurs with a β structure, is often included in the KMEF group.

The aldohexoses have 16 stereoisomers: 8 D-sugars and 8 L-sugars. The D-sugars include D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose, while the L-sugars include L-glucose, L-galactose, and L-mannose. These stereoisomers differ in the arrangement of hydroxyl groups around the chiral carbons.

P1 stands for "parental generation." This refers to the parents (mom and dad) who start off the pedigree. The P1 generation can then produce offspring (called the F1, or "first filial generation"). The F1 generation could then produce the F2 generation (or "second filial generation").

No, not all organisms have Hox genes. Hox genes are specific to animals with bilateral symmetry and are involved in controlling the body plan and development along the anterior-posterior axis. Other types of organisms, such as plants, fungi, and bacteria, do not possess Hox genes.

There are a few RNA catalysts are known, but the majority is only proteins. Biochemical reactions are speed by enzymes by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes like other proteins are coded in DNA.

Yes, an altered gene in a zygote can be inheritable as it becomes part of the offspring's genetic makeup. This alteration can be passed on to future generations through the germline cells.