Budgeting and Forecasting

Higher budgets, in real terms, create a unit that is expected to produce higher profits. Lower budgets, in real terms, create a unit that is expected to produce higher profits, or at least only corresponding porportional losses.

A continuous budget is a rolling budget.

Purchases, expenses,assets,revenue,liabilities, sales

PEA:is on the debit side of a T account and RLS: is on the credit side

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Typically a 1.2 cubic foot records box weighs between 35-50 pounds when fully loaded.

phonics based instuction whole language Direct Instruction (DI) Patricia Cunningham Model Some programs use a combination of these. This is by no means an all inclusive list.

It spends about 8.5% of the DOD budget and provides 31% of the Ground Operating Forces, 12% of the fighter and attack aircraft and 19% of the US attack helicopters. (General James Amos, Commandant of the Marine Corps on 8 February 2011.)

A revenue expenses report is a listing of all expenses an organization incurred during a specified period, usually a month, quarter, or a year. One example of n expense is rent, utilities, etc.

VAT is Value Added Tax (Sales Tax in the USA). The term is used in the UK more than anywhere and is a sales tax on items and services. The current VAT in the UK is 20% across most items/services. There are anomalies where certain foods are VAT free.

around 98000 chartered accountant in world

If an investment of 200 thousand is giving an annual return of 25 thousand, this is a 12.5 percent ROI. Whenever considering an interest rate, the higher rate is usually the better option, unless the lower rate includes other factors that may make it more appealing, such as the ability to withdraw funds at need without penalty.

scrap value is the residual value of an asset. the valu of an asset which exists after its estimated life period

Every company has their own guidelines for the information they want shown on an expense report. In general, most expense reports are created in a spreadsheet to easily show related expenses in category such as lodging, air travel, mileage, etc. Some reports are submitted monthly, but many are submitted weekly. The main purposes are to:

1) reimburse staff for their out-of-pocket expenses related to their job, and

2) to have costs offset related revenue in the same time period.

Expense reports may be audited by the IRS, so it's important to have a clear purpose stated on the report, dates, clients visited, etc.

If you are looking for a college level book to follow: Crash Course in Accounting and Financial Statement Analysis, 2nd Edition

Matan Feldman

Arkady Libman

ISBN: 978-0-470-04701-9

Accounting Principles, 7th Edition, with PepsiCo Annual Report

Jerry J. Weygandt, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison

Donald E. Kieso, Northern Illinois Univ.

Paul D. Kimmel, Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Budget is primarily used by management team to ensure that plans are done and achieved. Secondly budget can be used by employees to understand where they are going. Thirdly budget can be used by outside members who wish to learn, or can be used by competitors to measure efficiency.

The budgeting process is one of the most difficult areas of business to reduce inaccuracies. The primary problem relates to who holds the ultimate authority over ensuring that targeted expenditures reflect *all* expenditures and that those entrusted with spending ability are prevented from exceeding the budgeted amounts. That being said, the solution is to make sure that no accounting personel are involved in the budgeting process beyond the data entry/retrieval level. This is an operation decision and should be done by the general manager/president/mean person that takes no nonsense. In 90% of the business I have performed work for (SB consultant) it is NOT a numbers issue, but an execution issue.

Foreign capital budgeting requires the use of foreign cash flows and local tax rates, but U.S. inflation rates and U.S. dollars at the current exchange rates can be used.

reserves surplus

based on accounting flows, depreciation is regarded as fixed cost; based on cash flows, depreciation is not included in fixed cost.

so, break-even point by accounting flows is larger than cash break-even point.

in the long term, depreciation should be counted. so, break-even by accounting flows is longer term in nature.

There are two types of expenditure due to there time period of use.

1 - Capital Expenditure

2 - Revenue/Operating Expenditure

As Capital Expenditure is utilize for more then one fiscal or accounting year that's why it's budgeting method is different and it is made for different items separately.

Operating Budget is made for every year and evaluation is also made for yearly basis because operating expenditures are requires to allocate every year that's why both these budgets are made separately.

Same like net profit shown in balance sheet net loss is also shown in balance sheet because net profit or net loss both are part of equity of the owner and to show the net effect of fiscal year;s performance with previous performance it is shown in balance sheet.

Alaska does have a budget deficit. The deficit of Alaska is minor, though, compared to other states. Alaska has its oil revenue to fall back on, with drilling and finding oil a major industry in the state.

operating budget pays for day-to-day expenses, like salaries of a state employee and capital budget pays for major capital, or investment, spending, like building a bridge the money comes from there.

I'm not an expert, am also looking for more answer about this. What I know so far is that Clean Surplus Accounting is an idea that tries to eliminate the discrepencies in the reporting of owner's equity and earnings due to different reporting practices by different companies. In essence, it should results in truly comparable equity value for a company.