Byzantine Empire

The fall of the Roman Empire was characterized by a combination of political instability, economic decline, military defeats, and external pressures. Key elements included frequent leadership changes and civil wars, which weakened central authority. Additionally, the empire faced invasions from barbarian tribes and internal strife, leading to a loss of territory and resources. The decline in trade and agricultural productivity further exacerbated the empire's vulnerabilities, ultimately contributing to its collapse in the West by the late 5th century.

The Byzantine Empire was ultimately ended by the Ottoman Empire, which captured Constantinople in 1453. The Ottomans, under Sultan Mehmed II, effectively marked the fall of one of history's most enduring empires. Following this conquest, the Ottomans expanded into Europe, reaching their zenith in the 16th and 17th centuries, and came close to conquering much of the continent, notably during the sieges of Vienna in 1529 and 1683. Their influence shaped much of southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean region for centuries.

Justinian I emphasized the close relationship between church and state in the Byzantine Empire by asserting the authority of the emperor over ecclesiastical matters. He convened the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, which sought to resolve theological disputes and reinforce imperial control over religious doctrine. Additionally, he enacted laws that enforced Christian orthodoxy, promoting the idea that the emperor was divinely appointed to uphold and spread the faith. His construction of the Hagia Sophia further symbolized the unity of political and religious power, showcasing the emperor's role as both a secular and spiritual leader.

Direct rule:

Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa), 1879

Taiwan and Pescadore Islands, 1895 (awarded to Japan by the Shimonoseki Treaty with the Qing Empire)

Joseon Kingdom (modern day Korea), 1910-1945

The islands comprising much of Micronesia were made a Japanese mandate after the post WWI treaties took them from Germany's control.

Protectorate states with very little local control:

Manzhouguo, 1932

Republic of China, 1940 a consolidation of IJA held territories run from Nanjing. Despite using the insignia and capital of the ROC, it was not the legitimate ROC, which had become a government in exile after the defeat of Nanjing.

Malaysia, Burma, Singapore, New Guinea and Hongkong taken from the UK; Indonesia taken from the Netherlands; the Philippines taken from the US; Indochina taken from France; Thailand (an axis country compelled to fight at Japan's direction). All between 1941 and 1945.

Attempts were made at taking Australian and Indian territory from the UK, Australia via bombing and possible invasion, and India via supplying the insurrection led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

The Antigonid dynasty was one of the four dynasties that were established by the successors of Alexander. It was a dynasty of the Hellenistic kings in Greece from 306 to 168 BC.

The Parthenon and the Pantheon are two different buildings.

The Parthenon is a rectangular building, built by the ancient Greeks. It is located Athens, Greece.

The Pantheon is a round building with a square front. It was built by the Ancient Romans, It is located in Rome.

Parthenon has Doric columns, which are simple columns with rounded top.

Pantheon has Corinthian style columns, which have fancy flowers or images at the top of the columns.

Both were used for Religious purposes but to pay tribute to different gods. The Parthenon was created to honor the Greek god Athena. At one time a statue of Athena was placed inside. The Parthenon was built to honor the highest god in Roman Mythology, Jupiter.

They were both reused many times throughout history for different purposes. Both were used as a model for American architecture.

Yes the Empire fell when the city fell.

The heritage of the so-called Byzantine Empire were the Greek and Roman civilisations.

The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire. This term has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part. This part of the Roman Empire continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years). The so-called "Byzantines" did not even know this term. They called their empire Imperium Romanum , Imperium Romanorum (Empire of the Romans) , or Romania in Latin or or Basileia Rhomaion, Arche ton Rhomaion or Rhomania , which were the same terms in Greek. The Term Romania was not related to the country which was later called Romania (it means land of the Romans).

The term Byzantine was chosen by a German historian in the 16th century as a derivation from Byzantium, a Greek city which evolved along Roman lines under Roman rule and which was then redeveloped, turned into an imperial capital and renamed Constantinople (City of Constantine) by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great in 330. It is used to indicate the fact that not long after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire, this part of the empire became centred on Greece and Greek in character after it lost most of its non-Greek territories. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of this empire in 620, some 150 years after the fall of the western part. Both the terms Byzantine and Byzantine Empire became common in Western Europe in the 19th century.

The Byzantine lands in present day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt and eastern Libya were conquered by the Arabs. The locals converted to their religion, Islam, adopted Arabic as their language and eventually came to see themselves as Arabs. The Turks, who came from central Asia, invaded Turkey, which became their homeland. They were Muslim. The Turks also invaded part of the Balkan Peninsula, which became part of the Ottoman Empire. That is why there are Muslims in Albania and Bosnia & Herzegovina.

The Byzantine Empire did not recover from the fall of Constantinople to the Turks because the Turks were a strong local power which captured all of the remaining byzantine territory. Whereas the 4th Crusaders were few in number after they divided up the empire and they only captured part of the Byzantine Empire, the remainder of the Empire split into independent Byzantine powers, one of which the Empire of Nicaea eventually recaptured Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

The Byzantine Empire is best know for its role in spreading Christianity and for its capital city, Constantinople, which was originally Byzantium, but Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople during the last years of the Roman Empire. Back to Christianity, the Byzantines spread Christianity throughout their lands from Russia to modern-day Turkey. The spread of Christianity stopped when the Umayyad Caliphate in the Middle East rapidly began conquering lands and making many people change from Christianity to Islam.

It was the Orthodox Church, or The Eastern Orthodox Church.

Muslims conquered all areas of the Byzantine Empire. Under the Rashidun Caliphate, the Byzantine Empire lost the Levant, Egypt, North Africa, and eastern Anatolia. Under the Ottoman Sultanate, the Byzantine Empire lost western Anatolia, the Balkans, and Constantinople.

Justinian I

Vladimir

The eastern part of the Roman empire became what is known as the Byzantine empire.

No, The Byzantines did not construct the Colosseum.

Many of the people in the Byzantine Empire lived in villas very similar to those of the Romans.

The mosaics of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora are an important part of Basilica of San Vitale. These mosaics are made of small pieces of colored glass and stones.

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