Caliphates

Everything other than Arabia, like the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, parts of South Asia, Central Asia, the area around Indonesia, North Africa, Anatolia, southern Spain (for a time), and the Balkans (for a time).

The underlying claim of the question refers to a situation that never took place. Islamic Empires CONSISTENTLY used warfare to expand their borders, just like every other empire in history. Integration by treaty is a modern invention that did not come into the Islamic World until after European Colonization.

The question likely confuses two different parallel issues: (1) the peaceful expansion of Islam as a religion, and (2) the militant expansion of Islamic Empires.

The religion of Islam expanded peacefully in many instances because Muslim merchants or clerics would leave their homes in the Islamic Empires to conduct trade of evangelism with people outside of those empires. At that point, they would be able to proselytize and convert Non-Muslims in the Non-Muslim-majority state to Islam. In this way, the religion was able to spread in advance of the actual empires expanding. In this case, only the belief is expanding, not political territory controlled by Islamic governments.

The Islamic Empires, however, expanded through warfare and destruction of the other states, statelets, empires, tribal territories, kingdoms, and principalities that stood in their way. This is no different than what any other empire did. The Islamic Empires, however, had a simple system for accession to citizenship, namely conversion to Islam. As a result, former enemies of Islamic conquerors would convert to Islam and then turn around to conquer other Non-Muslim neighbors and partake in their share of the booty.

There are certain laws of the shariah tied up with the office of the Caliph.

If there are differences in society that cannot be resolved, then he has final say on the matter to resolve disputes.

He is oblidged to collect and distribute the zakah tax.

there is a classical text called "Ahkan Sultaniyyah" translated into English that goes into details.

This sect of Islam is known as Shi'a Islam, who believe the rightfully chosen followers of Muhammad were the 12 imams, who were from the family of Muhammad.

They lost may empires and were rich cultures.

He is the second Caliph (ruler) of Muslims according to Sunni Muslims and is an illegitimate ruler who got power according to Shia Muslims. according to Shia Muslims only God has the right to select a Caliph. one of his actions was attacking to Iran. according to Shia Muslims this action of him was not an Islamic action because many of Iranians had been converted to Islam before this attack specially by the Persian companions of Messenger of God Muhammad SAWW like Salman the Persian and other companions and there was no need for this war.

The last Caliphate, the Ottoman Empire, was eliminated in 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and replaced by the Republic of Turkey.

Given that most states in the Islamic World are opposed to ISIL, they will have a strongly uphill battle in trying to do this. However, ISIL is more patient and dogged in its objective, so it remains a possibility, even though an extremely unlikely one.

The two empires did not fall simultaneously. The reason the Abbassid Caliphate fell in the Middle East was because the Mongol Empire defeated it and installed the Ikhanate. As a result, the political state of the Middle East following the fall of the Abbassids was the Ikhanate in most areas, the Mamluks in the Levant and Egypt, and the untouched Arabian Emirates (like the Sharifate of Mecca, the Emirates of the modern UAE, Oman, etc.)

The fall of the Ikhanate in 1341 led to the development of many smaller piecemeal kingdoms throughout the former territories of the Ikhanate. The smaller states in Persia were conquered relatively quickly by the Timurids of Transoxiana. Elsewhere in the Middle East, these smaller states would later be conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Mamluks held their position in the Levant until the Ottomans eventually conquered them as well. The Arabian Emirates remained untouched.

Hazrat Ali is known as Asadullah, which means Lion of Allah, mainly due to his amazing courage and bravery.

Biography of Hazrat Ali (Sunni link) - http://baharemadinah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=47&Itemid=350

Shia and Sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. Today there is up to 260 sects in Islam that are in two main categories of shia and sunni.

the conflict of shia and sunni has been always amplified by world Imperialism to prevent Islam from gaining power.

Shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.

Shia pray 5 times a day but usually do the 2, 3 and 4, 5 pray together and so may seem they do only 3 pray a day. there is some differences in details of pray like genuflect (for shia should be on a stone or part of earth and for sunni on carpet or floor ).

shia believe after death of prophet God selected the successive for prophet who is the political leader of Muslim community and people can not and does not the right to selected it.

Shia believes the Caliph (Representative of God in earth) is selected only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Quran 2:30) or "O David! We did indeed make thee a vicegerent on earth" (Quran 38:26) also other verses.

Shia believes such verses means only God can select an Islamic political leader (Caliph).

In Shia Islam Caliphs after prophet are 12 Imams and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (not absolute knowledge like knowledge of God) and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after even after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human Shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.

Shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph by people valid because God did not select him. They believe God ordered prophet to declare people that Ali is selected as successor of prophet and prophet did this mission many times during his prophet-hood and mainly in Ghadir event after last Hajj of his life at a 3-4 hour speech in front of 120,000 Muslims at Ghadir in hot desert after 2 days stop of long caravan for gathering and 3 days after speech for congratulations and homage of Muslims to Ali. Islam at that time had high power in world and Some companions had high interest in leadership position after prophet. Muslims knew that it is the final Hajj of prophet (predicted by prophet) and were going along with prophet to hear what prophet says at end of his life. Shia believes Ghadir event is the most important event of Islam and is mentioned in Koran in many verses like "Today" (اليوم) in verse 5:3 of Quran is the day of Ghadir. Or Verse 5:67 (O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith) is revealed at Ghadir day and is about declaring political leadership of Ali after prophet.

Both Sunni and Shia Muslims accept happening of Ghadir event But different interpret. Some Sunni writers tried to reject the event of Ghadir as declare of leadership of Ali and said at Ghadir prophet only wanted to say Ali is my friend and no one should bother him. Ali had 3 different missions to Yemen by prophet during 10 years and in 2 of them some companions of prophet had some conflicts with Ali and and prophet said some sayings about Ali to solve conflicts and some sunni writers have mixed stories of missions of Ali to Yemen with story of Ghadir to prove Ghadir event is not about Leadership of Ali and is not important.

Shia scholars believe some Sunni writers have changed and deviated historical evidences about political leadership of Ali in old historical books and republished them to destroy evidences of leadership of Ali from old Sunni books.

The famous Shia book Al-Ghadir (الغدير) by Allameh Amini is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Events written after referring to 100,000 Sunni books and full reading of 10,000 sunny books. Allameh Amini is a famous Shia scholar and spent 40 years of his life in travelling to access original old Sunni books in libraries in different countries to write this 20 volume book only from Sunni books and not using any Shia book. Some Sunni scholars tried to reply this book but then said if we want to reply this book we should first destroy all books of ourselves.

Shia doctrine have root in Karbala tragedy. When tragedy of Karbala happened most of Iranians understood there is two different kinds of Islam and after happening of Karbala tragedy most of Iranians became followers of "Ahl al-Bayt" and forgive their lives for them like what they did in Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War. Shia Muslims have at least 120,000 Hadith (saying) from The Fourteen Infallibles that is the base of Shia Islam along with Quran. Shia believes according to " Hadith of the two weighty things" The Fourteen Infallibles are the only valid interpreters of Quran and sayings of them are from God because they are Representative of God in earth and they do not say anything from themselves. Shia believes 12th of them (Mahdi) is alive and because people have killed all 11 Imams before him, he is in hide like Jesus and will come out of hide toghether with Jesus when people become ready and want to accept his leadership. All 11 Imams have been killed and during their life thy all have been in prison or under hard control of government to not have any political action. They never had enough serious followers to can get political power. Among them only the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was relatively free in his life to have only scientific activities (but banned from any political action) and so only he is known in west because he established university and had students from all over the world. Westerns know him as a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He never wanted be a famous man and only shared his knowledge with who wanted to learn. Some researchers consider his teachings the root cause of renaissance.

Sunni Muslims also accept Mahdi and his worldwide leadership as Caliph of God in earth at end of world. There is a famous Hadith from prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that Mahdi at hide is like sun behind cloud, he is hidden from people but people receive his benefits. Shia Muslims say some faithful believers have connection with Mahdi and use his knowledge. Shia Muslims believe that it is proved at least 1000 persons have had connection and talk with Mahdi during his hide period but Any one having relation with Mahdi keep it and does not declare it in public until is alive.

the rebelion conquered.

Guided reading is a method of teaching reading skills that takes place in small groups. The small group size allows the teacher to focus on the specific needs of the individual pupils.

Non-Muslims actually had very minimal participation in the Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphates. Many former non-Muslims were asked to convert so that they could be part of the government. This was done because the Arabs had no experience in managing a bureaucracy and needed Persians and Byzantines who were skilled in running affairs of state. Jews were also believed to be good financiers and were allowed to join the financial ministries without converting.

GREECE

Egypt, Iran, and Spain were under the control of different Islamic Caliphates in 1000 C.E. (Fatimid Caliphate, the Buyid and Ghaznavid Empires, and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, respectively). However, Greece was still under the control of the Byzantine Empire. Greece would eventually fall in large chunks to the Ottoman Empire in the 1300s and finally capitulate in the 1400s.

yah Max Tamley i think

The Nature of Slavery within the abbasid social system used to trade the slaves for anything like food, clothing and silk and even other slaves they used to put their slaves to work

The Sunni Muslims generally supported the Umayyad caliphs, viewing them as legitimate leaders of the Islamic community after the rightly guided caliphs. They appreciated the Umayyads for their administrative capabilities and for expanding the Islamic empire, which helped spread Islam and its influence. However, some Sunnis also criticized the Umayyads for their perceived nepotism, secularism, and the growing disconnect from the values of early Islam. Overall, Sunni sentiment was mixed, balancing support for their leadership with concerns over their governance.

Just like the sunni's believe in Muhammad (S.A.W.) as their prophet, the Shia believe Ali (Radhiyallahu-anh) as their prophet.

*But the truth is what the sunni's believe.

Caliph is an Arabic word that means successor in English. So, it was called on the successor, to the former ruler, in ruling the country or the state.

A good caliph in the Muslim government needs to rule with authority.