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Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering is a profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, like houses, buildings, roads, etc. A Civil Engineer is an engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities.

4,921 Questions

What are Bridge dampers?

Its a giant shock absorber for bridges. It is usually attached in the area of the substructure, between the sofit and the abutment wall. Its primary job is to minimizes movement during seismic activity. I am a bridge maintenance supervisor in California and I have only seen them on longer bridge spans.

Calculate gallons of asphalt cement in a ton of asphalt?

The answer is, it depends. Different types of bituminous cement concrete (asphalt hot mix) use different percentages of asphalt cement. In Virginia, base mixes use at least 4.4% asphalt, while surface mixes are up to about 6%. Liquid asphalt is a little heavier than water; it weighs about 9.4#/gallon (depending on the source and grade). Here's the math: Base mix 2000#/ton x 4.4%/9.4#/gal. = 9.36 gal/ton surface mix 2000#/ton x 6%/9.4#/gal. = 12.76 gal/ton hope this answers the question.

What is control mix in concrete?

  1. Water cement ratio
  2. Cement aggregate ratio
  3. Gradation of aggregates.
  4. Consistency

What are advantages and disadvantages of linen?

Linen clothing helps the wearer stay cool in high temperatures; this made it a favorite clothing material in Egypt. It is difficult to remove wrinkles from linen fabric.

What is a signature bridge?

Signature bridges are more than just structures. It defines a city or a place just by its presence. The cost of building signature bridges is much more than the cost of building normal bridges, as such bridges exceed the nomal expectation of quality, aesthetics, artwork and functionality. They represent their era's construction marvels. They are also a focal point of tourist attraction. Some examples of such bridges are Golden gate bridge, SF. Tower Bridge and London bridge, London, U.K., Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney.Ponte Vechio, Florence, Italy.

How do you shoot grades from a bench mark?

Set up the instrument. Get it level. Shoot the gradestick. Know what the actual elevation is. Subtract the actual elevation of the grade you want from the elevation of the benchmark. Add the amount you shot on the stick at the benchmark to the amount you deduced. Shoot the stick at the point you want, and tell your helper to move the stick up and down till you get the right # in your sights. Pretty simple once you get the hang of it. I'm 19 and can do it so...

What is allowable limit of slenderness ratio in steel?

Slenderness Ratio is Basically a Ratio to decide if the Steel angle being used is acceptable for particular loads or not.

There is no such allowable limit of slenderness ratio For a particular angle unless it is designed for a particular load.

Slenderness Ratio indicates the buckling of the Steel angle. Less the Slenderness Ration more stronger is the Steel angle.

I am an Engineer ( specialised in Towers for Transmission of High Voltages. In Our Case, we use three types of slenderness ratio .

For Main Members it Should Be less Than 120

For Bracing etc it should be less than 150

and for redundant members( No load) < 200

Amit Sharma

MottMacdonalds limited

00971501257201

amit.sharma@mottmac.co.ae

What is the Difference between WBM and WMM roads?

WBM (Water Bound Macadam) and WMM (Wet Mix Macadam) are used for Road construction in Base course layer. WMM is a new technology. difference between WBM and WMM can be summarized as below:

  • Stone aggregate used in WBM is larger in size compared to WMM. In case of WBM its size varies between 45 mm to 90 mm depending upon the grade while in case of WMM aggregate size varies between 4.75 mm to 20 mm
  • In case of WBM stone aggregate, screening material and binders are overlaid one after another respectively at the time of construction. But in case of WMM, aggregate and binding materials are premixed in a batching plant or concrete mixing machine and then brought to site for overlaying and rolling.
  • Materials used in WBM are stone aggregate, screening material (Kankar or murrum or smaller stone aggregate for filling up the voids ) and/or binding material (stone dust or Quary dust of PI not less than 6). materials used in WMM are Stone aggregate and binders (Stone dust or Quary dust of PI not less than 6)
  • Quantity of WBM is generally measured in Cubic Meter while quantity of WMM is measured in Square Meter.

Inspection test plan sample for civil engineering?

1.1 Purpose and scope

The purpose of an Inspection and Test Plan is to put together in a single document that records all inspection and testing requirements relevant to a specific process. On a construction contract the process is likely to be a construction activity, element of work, trade work or providing a product section. An Inspection and Test Plan identifies the items of materials and work to be inspected or tested, by whom and at what stage or frequency, as well as Hold and Witness Points, references to relevant standards, acceptance criteria and the records to be maintained. Inspection and Test Plans, when properly implemented, help ensure that, and verify whether, work has been undertaken to the required standard and requirements, and that records are kept.

1.2 Glossary

Hold Point - A 'hold' point defines a point beyond which work may not proceed without the authorisation of a designated service provider or authority.

This 'designated service provider or authority' might be an agency's or other

customer's representative/authorised person, or a regulatory authority (such as

a council, Sydney Water, WorkCover and the like) representative, or it may be

the service provider inspecting its service provider or employee or agent.

Witness Point - A 'witness' point provides a party (such as the customer, service provider and a

regulatory authority) with the opportunity to witness the inspection or test or

aspect of the work, at their discretion.

Surveillance - Intermittent monitoring of any stage of the work in progress (whether by the

service provider or customer).

Self inspection - Where the service provider performing the work verifies the quality progressively

- often with the aid of checklists.

Work area - A discrete section of the whole work, usually defined by location, where any

trade work or activity would be completed before it moves onto another area.

Examples include a wall, a room, a building, a length of pipeline between

manholes and the like. Also referred to as lots.

1.3 Roles and Responsibilities

There are no set rules as to who, in a service provider organisation, should document Inspection

and Test Plans. It is appropriate, however, that they receive input from those with a good

technical and practical knowledge of, and experience in, the activities involved. The use,

understanding and acceptance of ITPs by inspectors and other personnel will generally be

greatly enhanced if they are involved in their preparation.

The service provider is responsible for ensuring that all the required Inspection and Test Plans

are prepared, including those covering work or processes to be carried out by its service

providers. While it is preferable that its service providers prepare the ITPs for their own work, in

the final analysis some may require the service provider's involvement.

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A senior representative of the service provider would be made responsible for approving

Inspection and Test Plans, and any subsequent amendments, prior to their submission or

submission of compliance/conformity certification to the customer. The contract conditions would

define the submissions to the customer and any responses required.

1.4 Overview

The following steps are involved in documenting Inspection and Test Plans for a construction

contract: -

Step 1 Read the contract documents (including the technical specifications) and prepare a

list of any discrepancies, ambiguities, missing information and standards of materials

and/or workmanship that it is considered are inappropriate.

Step 2 Contact the customer and resolve the issues listed as a result of Step 1.

Step 3 Examine the scope of work and divide it into separate areas requiring an Inspection

and Test Plan (where not already prescribed in the contract documents). As a

general guide it is normally most convenient to document a separate Inspection and

Test Plan for each trade or work area/section.

Step 4 Note the Hold and Witness Points required by the customer (including as listed in the

contract documents).

Step 5 Review the contract documents again and note the requirements that have the most

impact on the quality of the finished work. For each ask the question "What will be

the consequences if it is not made sure this is right?" Be certain to include any

references to tests, submitting information to the customer, obtaining approvals and

Hold and Witness Points (see 1.6.9 for further information).

Step 6 Determine from Step 5 which items or aspects of each inspection will need to be

recorded on checklists and prepare these.

Step 7 Discuss the checklists with those directly involved with the work and obtain their input.

This input should particularly be directed at identifying those issues that have caused

problems (and involved extra costs) in the past, and therefore warrant checking at the

earliest opportunity to avoid unnecessary and costly rectification.

Step 8 Prepare each Inspection and Test Plan to reflect the requirements of the contract

documents. Reference the ITP in the Quality Management Plan and cross-reference

to the other related ITPs.

Step 9 Issue each Inspection and Test Plan and/or associated certification to the customer

for consideration within a reasonable period prior to commencing the work described

in the Plan and adjust them to suit any comment received (or act as otherwise

required in the contract documents).

Step 10 Decide how best to divide the whole of the work into work areas for control purposes

and indicate these locations either on a schedule (with reference to grids and levels)

or by marking up drawings.

Step 11 Prepare and issue checklists for each work area and identify them according to

location.

Step 12 Train those directly involved with each of the ITP in their use. Formalise a procedure

for the notification of Witness and Hold Points to the appropriate person(s).

Step 13 Carry out inspections and tests in accordance with the Inspection and Test Plans,

provide notices to the customer and/or regulatory authorities for Hold or Witness

Points, as designated or applicable, and record the results on checklists.

1.5 Contract particulars

Record the following contract particulars on each of the Inspection and Test Plans: -

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- Contract Name

- Contract Number

- Description of process/activities for that particular Inspection and Test Plan.

1.6 Inspection and Test Plans

1.6.1 General

1.6.2 to 1.6.9 inclusive describe what needs to be considered for each component of an

Inspection and Test Plan. They explain the components and how to select the relevant

information required for each.

1.6.2 Description of operation or stage of work requiring inspection or test

Because 100% inspection and testing in most cases is neither practical nor desirable, it is

necessary to adopt a testing frequency and sampling process which provides a representative

indication of the work to suit the risks involved, as is addressed in 1.6.4.

Inspections and tests are often best done after a number of separate activities, but prior to a

major one that will cover up previous work. Service providers would carry out preliminary tests to

assist in obtaining an early indication of conformity.

Determining the type and extent of inspections and tests (along with the characteristics (see

1.6.3)) is probably the most challenging aspect of documenting an Inspection and Test Plan.

The approvals required are sometimes easier to determine as they are usually specified and

identify particular work/stages requiring inspections and tests. The type, timing and frequency of

inspections and tests vary to suit the risks and work involved.

The "what to test", "how to test" and "when to test" is governed by: -

- What the work is and how complex it is

- Accessibility for inspections and sampling

- Consequences of failure, including as follows:

- Cost of remedial work

- Effect on construction program

- Accessibility for rectification

- Disruption to use of building or structure

- Consequential damage to other elements

- Threat to safety of workers and public

- Availability of resources.

The type, timing and frequency (the what, when and how often) of inspections and tests are best

determined in conjunction with the consideration of the characteristics to be verified.

1.6.3 Characteristics of inspection/test/approval

The characteristics of a work item can be defined as "a distinguishable property of an item,

material or process". Examples of characteristics are colour, texture, size, strength, flatness,

alignment, capacity and the like.

The characteristics to be verified will frequently determine the stage at which the inspection or

test must take place if the potential for subsequent nonconformities is to be avoided. This further

work might also cover up or deny access for the purposes of verifying certain characteristics.

Some characteristics can only be considered after one particular operation and before another,

such as the inspection of steel reinforcement after installation but prior to the pouring of concrete.

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1.6.4 Stage/frequency

The inspection/test stage/frequency will often be determined by the requirements of the contract

documents or by the type of inspection and/or test and the characteristics under consideration,

as outlined above. In the latter case however, there is the potential for a considerable range in

what constitutes the most appropriate frequency and sampling process. It is suggested that a

representative sampling of the work to suit the risks involved be used as a guide initially.

Thereafter, frequencies would be increased and processes reviewed for 'problem' work activities

and decreased where consistent conformity was evidenced.

1.6.5 Records

Records are essential to quality management because they provide the documented evidence

necessary to verify that a product/service is in accordance with the contract requirements.

The records would be in various forms, and would include the checklists, test certificates,

certificates of compliance/conformity, survey data, written approvals and the like. Inspection and

Test Plans would help define the records required.

1.6.6 Specification/standard

The standards against which conformity is measured can take various forms. The most common

source is usually the contract technical specification. Other standards would often be referenced

in this document, and may include any of the following: -

- Contract documents/specification generally

- Contract drawings

- Approved workshop drawings and/or calculations

- Approved technical details/procedures

- Approved samples and/or prototypes

- Regulatory requirements

- Australian Standards

- International Standards

- Standard specifications

- Manufacturers' recommendations.

1.6.7 Acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria would normally be defined in the contract documents (either directly or by

reference to other standards such as Australian Standards). Where this is not the case it would

be necessary to identify them and possibly to agree them with the customer. It is preferable to

establish acceptance criteria with the customer (where they are not specified or clear) to agree

the yardsticks (such as test panels/sections or previous work) against which a product/service is

to be declared conforming or nonconforming.

1.6.8 Inspection/test procedures

For many inspections/tests, the methods employed will be specified or self evident and

determined by the characteristics being examined. In other cases, however, the precise manner

in which the inspection/test is carried out would need to be identified and described. A clearly

described test procedure will usually be necessary to help achieve consistent and reliable

results.

A typical test procedure using statistical techniques might, for example, cover: -

- reference to work areas/lots or batches

- frequency of sampling

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- method of taking samples

- method of conducting a test (including conditions)

- qualifications of test personnel and equipment calibration/condition/specification

- method of documenting results.

In some cases it may be possible to satisfy the requirements simply by referencing the

requirements of Australian Standards and the like.

1.6.9 Hold and Witness Points

It is the service provider's responsibility to identify the Hold and Witness Points (with the people

responsible for the inspection/test/endorsement and other requirements) that are required for its

service providers and employees doing the work. The service provider would do this to the

extent that is necessary to be confident that the work is being carried out to the standards

required.

The customer usually retains the option to inspect the work at any stage and may identify Hold

and Witness Points requiring the customer's attendance. When preparing an ITP, the word

"Surveillance" would be shown against all selected inspection or test points that are not

otherwise covered by Hold or Witness Points.

1.6.10 Checklists

As noted in 1.6.2, with some work, the logical stage to carry out an inspection or test is often

after a number of separate activities, but prior to a major one that will cover up previous work.

It is often useful to complete checklists at such stages and with each inspection and test - where

they will, in effect, summarise the procedures that have, and should have, taken place up to the

particular point in the work process.

Checklists are useful reminders to the person doing the work of all the matters that are to be

addressed. They are used to confirm all the matters have been attended to. They are also

reminders to the person inspecting the work of all the matters that should be checked.

A checklist also gives an opportunity to record any special or unusual conditions under the

contract, and draw these to the attention of the people doing the work. For example, special

precautions for protecting existing work, notifications to the public, and other matters that might

not normally be required for the particular trade or activity, may be included.

The fact that checklists exist, and that their use and content have been verified, would give a

customer confidence that the person doing the work is aware of all the important steps, attributes

and matters to be addressed, and the standards that should be complied with, and that

conformity is being verified.

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2 Inspection and Test Plan assessment checklist

The following typical checklist for Inspection and Test Plans has been designed to assist customers in

assessing service providers' ITPs. It may also assist service providers in developing their ITPs, as a

guide to the content of ITPs. The customer may specify other items that would be addressed in the

service providers' ITPs to support the control of risks. The Clause references are to those in AS/NZS

ISO 9001:2000.

Key to symbols to be used in check-boxes is: = Yes = No O = Not applicable

2.1 Planning of inspection and testing

4.2 INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN

Have ITPs been developed for all the relevant contract activities? (Clause 4.2)

Are there ITPs for each activity affecting quality? (Clause 4.2)

Are all the Plan documents identified and their revision status shown? (Clause 4.2.3)

Are all the Plan records legible, readily identifiable and retrievable? (Clause 4.2.4)

5 MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY

Does the service provider identify and include all customer requirements in ITPs (Clause 5.2)?

Is the contract quality representative nominated in the ITPs? (Clause 5.5.3)

Do the ITPs nominate the person responsible on site for all key and related construction

activities? (Clause 5.5.3)

6 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Do the ITPs identify the resources proposed to carry out inspections and tests? (clause 6.1)

Do the ITPs include the minimum required qualifications and experience of the people that are to

carry out inspections and tests? (Clause 6.2)

Do the ITPs identify the required equipment, facilities and supporting services? (Clause 6.3)

Do the ITPs identify each critical working environment? (Clause 6.4)

7 PRODUCT REALISATION

Are the ITPs updated to reflect changes to customer requirements? (Clause 7.2)

Do the ITPs identify inspections and tests to verify/validate design? (Clause 7.3)

Do the ITPs identify the inspections and tests required to ensure the products/services meet the

requirements? (Clause 7.4)

Do the ITPs reflect the control of conditions required for inspection and testing? (Clause 7.5)

Do the ITPs identify whether the monitoring and measuring devices are calibrated and to

specification? (Clause 7.6)

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8 MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT

Does the service provider plan and implement in the ITPs the monitoring, measurement, and

analysis needed to demonstrate the conformity of all work?

Does the service provider state in the ITPs who is responsible for receiving, in-process and final

inspection and testing for all work activities and for closing out work areas?

Do the ITPs include the methods for indicating when nonconformity control is initiated and for

closing out work areas?

Have inspection and test forms been developed and implemented for recording inspection and

testing for each activity? (each stage in a process may be on separate but linked forms)

Receiving inspection

Do the ITPs define responsibility for verifying conformity of the supplied product before using it in

the constructed works?

Do the ITPs adequately address the inspection and testing requirements for the supplied product

before it is used in the constructed works?

In-process inspection

Do the ITPs define responsibility and provide for in-process inspection and testing?

Do the ITPs adequately address the inspection and testing requirements for all the

products/services during construction of the works?

Final Inspection and Testing

Do the ITPs define responsibility and provide for final (or acceptance) inspection and testing?

Does the service provider have a method and define responsibility in the ITPs for final review of

all inspection/test results to confirm that all inspections and tests have been carried out to

completely verify conformity for each work area?

2.2 Inspection and test forms

Do the ITP forms indicate:

all the inspection and testing required by the customer?

inspections and tests to verify and validate design (where applicable)?

inspection and tests required for the supplied product before it is used in the works?

inspection and tests required for the products/services during construction of the works?

who performs the inspection or test and at what stage of the contract work?

how each inspection or test is to be carried out and recorded? (such as a documented testing

procedure or by reference to a standard test method)

the acceptance criteria and frequency of testing, including customer's requirements?

(reference to a contract specification clause alone may not be acceptable)

the record reference verifying conformity of materials/product or preceding work?

who reviews inspection/test results, evaluates whether work conforms, determines what to do

next if work does not pass a required inspection or test, and closes out completed and

conforming work areas?

when statistical analysis of test results is required?

provision for confirmation that all inspections and tests have been carried out to completely verify

the conformity in each work area?

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SAMPLE FORMS

Inspection and Test Plan

Customer:

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN for: (Insert work activity)

Work area: (Insert work area)

Insert Contractor

Identification and/or

Logo

Ref Operation or stage of work Inspection *what/who

Description Characteristics

Stage/

frequency

Records Requirement

/ standard/

specification

Acceptance

criteria

Inspection/

test

procedure

Employee Service

provider

Customer

*W = Witness Point; H = Hold Point; H(A) = Inspection/Test by Authority; U(C) = Inspection/Test by Consultant; S = Surveillance or monitoring;

X = Self inspection by performer of work.

Checklist

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for:

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor

Work area: Checklist Number:

Work Items/activities to be verified Reference Initialled/OK Comments

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above work for this work area

has been completed and conforms to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

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EXAMPLES

Inspection and Test Plan

Customer:

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN for: PAINTING

Work area: (Insert work area)

Insert Contractor

Identification and/or

Logo

Ref Operation or stage of work Inspection *what/who

Description Characteristics

Stage/

frequency

Records Requirement/

standard/

specification

Acceptance

criteria

Inspection/

test

procedure

Employee Service

provider

Customer

1 Incoming materials

inspection

Conform to order Each

delivery

Delivery

dockets/

Checklist

Orders as

placed

GPC

approved &

colour sched.

Check

against

orders

H W

2 Storage and

protection

As specified Each

week

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Safe, secure/

adequate

protection

Visual X S S

3 Preliminary

activities

Task completion Each

work area

Checklist Specification, as

attached, OHS

practice &

Regulation

All tasks

completed

Visual H W S

4 Surface

preparation

Ready to paint,

clean and smooth

Each

work area

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Smooth and

clean

Visual H H W

5 Painting Full & uniform

cover, smooth,

colour

Each

work area

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Checklist and

test panel

Visual X S, H(C) S

6 Pre-handover

activities

All matters

finalised, clean

and tidy

Each

work area

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Completed to

spec./ clean

and tidy

Final

inspection

H H H

*W = Witness Point; H = Hold Point; H(A) = Inspection/Test by Authority; U(C) = Inspection/Test by Consultant; S = Surveillance or monitoring;

X = Self inspection by performer of work.

Customer:

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN for: ELECTRICAL

Work area: (Insert work area)

Insert Contractor

Identification and/or

Logo

Ref Operation or stage of work Inspection *what/who

Description Characteristics

Stage/

frequency

Records Requirement/

standard/

specification

Acceptance

criteria

Inspection/

test

procedure

Employee Service

provider

Customer

1 Incoming materials

inspection

Conform to order Each

delivery

Delivery

dockets/

Checklist

Orders as

placed

Specification

& codes

Check

against

orders

H S

2 Storage and

protection

As specified Each

week

Checklist Specification,

as attached

Safe, secure/

adequate

protection

Visual X S S

3 Preliminary

activities

Task completion Each

work area

Checklist Specification,

as attached,

OHS practice &

Regulation

All tasks

completed

Visual H W S

4 Pre-start Ready to

commence work

Each

work area

Checklist Specification,

as attached

To authority

requirements

Checked H W S

5 Carry out work To trade codes

and authority

requirements

Each

work area

Checklist Specification,

as attached

Checklist and

test panel

Checked H(A) W S

6 Pre-handover

activities

All matters

finalised, clean

and tidy

Each

work area

Wiring

diagrams/

Checklist

Specification,

as attached

All items

completed to

specified

Final

inspection

H H H

*W = Witness Point; H = Hold Point; H(A) = Inspection/Test by Authority; U(C) = Inspection/Test by Consultant; S = Surveillance or monitoring;

X = Self inspection by performer of work.

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Customer:

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN for: REINFORCED CONCRETE

Work area: (Insert work area)

Insert Contractor

Identification and/or

Logo

Ref Operation or stage of work Inspection *what/who

Description Characteristics

Stage/

frequency

Records Requirement/

standard/

specification

Acceptance

criteria

Inspection/

test

procedure

Employee Service

provider

Customer

1 Preliminary

activities (requiring

Principal's

notification)

Notification

provided

Prestart

concrete

work

Checklist Specification, as

attached

All tasks

completed

Submit

details

H H H

2 Preliminary

activities (requiring

Contractor's

acceptance)

Approvals

required obtained

Prestart

concrete

work

Checklist Specification, as

attached

All tasks

completed

Review H H S

3 Order concrete To specification Each

pour

Copy of

order

Specification, as

attached, OHS

practice &

Regulation

Reflects

spec./ safe,

secure

Review H H S

4 Pre pour inspection Task completion Each

pour

Checklist Specification/

drawings, as

attached

Right levels &

dimensions/

clean/ safe

Visual/

measure

H W W

5 Slump test Workability of mix Each

delivery

Attached

record

Specification, as

attached

50 to 100 mm Measure H W S

6 Concrete test

cylinder

Concrete

strength

2 per

pour

Test lab

certif.

Specification, as

attached

30 Mpa

minimum

NATA lab. H W S

7 Concrete pour To specification Each

pour

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Correct

placement

Visual X W S

8 Stripping & curing To specification Each

pour

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Finish/

curing/

maintained

Visual X W S

9 Pre-handover

activities

All matters

finalised, clean

and tidy

Each

pour

Checklist Specification, as

attached

Completed to

spec./ clean

and tidy

Final visual

inspection

H H H

*W = Witness Point; H = Hold Point; H(A) = Inspection/Test by Authority; U(C) = Inspection/Test by Consultant; S = Surveillance or monitoring;

X = Self inspection by performer of work.

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Checklist

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for: PAINTING

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor:

Work area: Checklist Number:

Work Items/activities to be verified Reference Initialled/OK Comments

Access permission obtained

Access obtained

Equipment approved/on site -

Scaffold/ladders

Signage/barricades

Brushes/rollers/drop sheets

Materials approved/on site -

Filler/thinners

Paints/colours

Preliminary

activities

Repairs completed

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Notification of power disruption

Protective measures

Isolate appropriate circuits

Filled correctly

Free of oil/grease

Free of dirt and loose particles

Sanded smooth

Washed down

Surface

preparation

Spot primed

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Humidity/temperature appropriate

Protective measures

Paint applied to manufacturer's instructions

Each coat free of imperfections such as runs,

patchiness, pinholes, misses etc.

Painting

Drying time between coats appropriate

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Replace fixtures

Touch up

Remove protective measures

Final inspection confirms conforming

Pre-handover

activities

Remove scaffold/ladders, clean up etc.

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above work for this work area

has been completed and conforms to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Quality Management Systems Guidelines

12

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for: ELECTRICAL

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor:

Work area: Checklist Number:

Work Items/activities to be verified Reference Initialled/OK Comments

Access permission obtained

Access obtained

Equipment approved/on site -

Scaffold/ladders

Signage/barricades

Other

Materials approved/on site -

Preliminary

activities

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Fixtures removed

Protective measures

Install temporary power (where necessary)

Pre-start

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Apply safety procedures at all stages

Protective measures

Carry out work as per specification, AS 3000

and other relevant codes

Carry out work

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Carry out all testing and safety checks

Restore power supply to all isolated circuits

Remove temporary power supply

Remove protective measures

Final inspection confirms conforming

Pre-handover

activities

Remove scaffold/ladders, clean up etc.

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above work for this work area

has been completed and conforms to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Quality Management Systems Guidelines

13

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for: REINFORCED CONCRETE

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor

Work area: Checklist Number:

Work Items/activities to be verified Reference Initialled/OK Comments

Structural design check

Concrete supplier/ formworker

Admixtures

Preliminary

activities (requiring

Principal's

notification)

Formwork design

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Access obtained

Signage/barricades/falsework

Reinforcing scheduled and ordered

Testing and sampling equipment

Preliminary

activities (requiring

Contractor's

acceptance)

Instruction to Subcontractors on ITP

requirements

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Strength

Slump

Water/cement ratio

Type of cement

Admixture

Order concrete

Delivery notice and arrangements

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Formwork checked (dimensions, levels and

capacity)

Formwork design certified

Foundation (clean, scabbled, starter bars etc)

Cover to reo. Laps as specified

Termite treatment

Membranes

Blockouts

Pre pour inspection

Expansion strips/water stop

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Slump test taken/ results recorded

Concrete test cylinders taken and marked

Time for delivery

Time for pour

Pouring techniques conform (height, vibration,

tremmying, pumping)

Concrete pour

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

When stripped

Repairs

Curing method

Curing maintained ………….. days

Stripping & curing

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

Pre-handover Finish

Quality Management Systems Guidelines

14

Levels/ dimensions

Equipment cleaned and site clean

Test results for concrete cylinders

activities

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above items/activities conform

to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

I have carried out all necessary inspections and verify that the above work for this work area

has been completed and conforms to the contract specification/documents

Name:

Signature:

Date:

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for: STORAGE AND PROTECTION

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor:

Work area: Checklist Number:

Materials/ components/ Initials

equipment

Location of storage Date

Pass Fail

Comments

INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN CHECKLIST for: INCOMING INSPECTION

(To be completed by the person(s) directly responsible for the work)

Contract Number:

Contract/Project Name:

Contractor:

Subcontractor:

Work area: Checklist Number:

Materials/ components/ Quantity/size verified Inspected for

equipment

Purchase

Order No.

Delivery

Docket No. Against PO Against DD Damage Technical

details

Marketing

Date Initial

What is the meaning of shell and core in construction?

It is a type of building design to speed up the whole design & build process. It is to define the core & shell elements of the building at first; The infills (what goes inside the core & shell) are defined later. Core & shell elements are typically long-lead items (CORE: structures, vertical transportation systems SHELL: Facade). Infills are locally processed (such as finishes, interior decoration) Once you have defined the long-lead items, work can proceed without waiting for the interior details.

What is Indian patent stone?

Polished concrete flooring is usually referred to as Indian Patent Stone (or IPS). It is generally done with cast-in-situ PCC(1:2:4) with coarse aggregate as 6-10mm granite chips.

PCC(1:2:4) is a well mixed combination of 1 part Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), 2 parts fine aggregate (sand) and 4 parts coarse aggregate (granite chips) with enough water to a workable consistency.

IPS is laid into alternate panels, generally staggered, of not more than 9m2 each to avoid shrinkage cracks on drying.

What is the difference between civil engineering standard method of measurement and standard method of measurement for building works?

There isn't much difference tho but first of all, with regards to the professionals involved...

Civil engineering works- qualified civil engineering

Building works- quantity surveyor (cost engineer)

Will share more soon...

What is the fck of concrete?

Concrete

The concrete used in structures is characterized by its resistance, the fck. This resistance is measured through the breaking of specimens, and it means to say that a case has a certain fck, the probability of obtaining a lower resistance than that indicated only 5%. It is good to note that the fck, which is the concrete strength is measured by a unit of voltage, ie, a load (force) per unit area. This measure can be given in MPa or kg/cm2. We can say, for example, that a case has fck = 18 MPa. This means that the resistance (fck) of concrete is equal to 18MPa or 180 kgf/cm2.

For specification of concrete for the slab lattice, one must distinguish the concrete used in the manufacture of concrete beams cast in situ to form the ribs of the slab.

The second has an important structural function, as it forms the table compression of the slab, while the first does not always have. The concrete to be released on the spot will be provided by the manufacturer, but its strength should be reported to the engineer responsible for the design of the slab, allowing it to conduct the calculations correctly.

The concrete for casting the beams does not, in most cases, the same structural importance doconcreto to be cast on the spot, except in some cases, such as the continuous slab or sheet, when we squeeze the lower fiber the slab, where the concrete s.apata.

Where no such structural importance, the concrete beams do not need a high compressive strength, but should not miss the purpose of protection of armor that are within the s.apata. Therefore, attention should be paid to asua compactness and avoid the use of beams with poor concreting (maggots).

The concrete that makes up the slabs and concrete lattice supplement must meet the specifications of NBR-12655 and NBR 6118 and NBR 8953 and respecting the provisions of NBR 12,654. The compressive strength will be specified by the structural design, and required a minimum Class C20 to C20 beams and Class of acordocom NBR 6118 for concrete cast on site.

In the case of concurrent execution of specific complementary edo concrete structure, the prevailing higher value of resistance characteristic (fck) specified in the project.

The concrete Class C20 corresponds to the characteristic compressive strength at 28 days of 20 MPa. Beams boom and the combination of the lattice frame, the additional hardware and s.apata concrete. It is the end product quedeverá be delivered by the manufacturer to the customer, along with the filler material and a project demontagem.Deve be designed to carry structural strain after the concreting of the slab, but must also have the stiffness needed to withstand the transport and assembly.

What is the difference between waffle slab and ribbed slab?

Waffle slabs are two-way spanning slabs whose beams(in two diresctions) are at very close centres whereas a ribbed slab is a one way spanning slab whose secondary beams are at very close centres, but not their primary beams.

Who earns more a footballer or an engineer?

A footballer if he is a top player

as they say

there is always room at the top

if an engineer is a very good experience and with lots of BRAIN he also can earn more-------------------------- but any body you me or third person if he/she is on top can make money.

Why free surface effect is detrimental in ro-ro ferries?

RO-RO ferries have large open decks (car decks) without any sub division or bulkheads. Hence a small amount of water would be able to impart a significant free surface effect.

What is the difference between dynamic strength and static strength?

well the static energy is the strength that resides in your body when you're not moving but dynamic energy is that the one occurs when you moving like swimming

What are the factors controlling the alignment of roads?

they are as follows-

1.need of traffic

2.purpose and class of road

3.obligatory points

4.curves

5.gradient

6.sight distance

7.number of drainage crossing

8.formation bed

9.railways and river crossing

10.obstruction

11.earthwork

12.availability of labour and material

13.existing right of way

14.lenghty straight route

15.asthetical aspect

How does thermal expansion of steel compare to aluminum?

Aluminum is higher expansion - about 23 ppm/C, whereas steels range from 12ppm/C for alloy steel and carbon steel, 17 ppm/C for stainless 300 austenitic series, and 11 ppm/C for stainless 400 martensitic series