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Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is a profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, like houses, buildings, roads, etc. A Civil Engineer is an engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities.
4,921 Questions
Qualifications to become an structural engineer?
The following is written by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor and particular to the education and training required for an engineer.
Engineers typically enter the occupation with a bachelor's degree in an engineering specialty, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Engineers offering their services directly to the public must be licensed. Continuing education to keep current with rapidly changing technology is important for engineers.
Education and training. A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a natural science or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, or civil engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests.
Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering. A design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. General courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, are also often required.
In addition to the standard engineering degree, many colleges offer 2-year or 4-year degree programs in engineering technology. These programs, which usually include various hands-on laboratory classes that focus on current issues in the application of engineering principles, prepare students for practical design and production work, rather than for jobs that require more theoretical and scientific knowledge. Graduates of 4-year technology programs may get jobs similar to those obtained by graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering. Engineering technology graduates, however, are not qualified to register as professional engineers under the same terms as graduates with degrees in engineering. Some employers regard technology program graduates as having skills between those of a technician and an engineer.
Graduate training is essential for engineering faculty positions and many research and development programs, but is not required for the majority of entry-level engineering jobs. Many experienced engineers obtain graduate degrees in engineering or business administration to learn new technology and broaden their education. Many high-level executives in government and industry began their careers as engineers.
About 1,830 programs at colleges and universities offer bachelor's degrees in engineering that are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), Inc., and there are another 710 accredited programs in engineering technology. ABET accreditation is based on a program's faculty, curriculum, and facilities; the achievement of a program's students; program improvements; and institutional commitment to specific principles of quality and ethics. Although most institutions offer programs in the major branches of engineering, only a few offer programs in the smaller specialties. Also, programs of the same title may vary in content. For example, some programs emphasize industrial practices, preparing students for a job in industry, whereas others are more theoretical and are designed to prepare students for graduate work. Therefore, students should investigate curriculums and check accreditations carefully before selecting a college.
Admissions requirements for undergraduate engineering schools include a solid background in mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus) and science (biology, chemistry, and physics), with courses in English, social studies, and humanities. Bachelor's degree programs in engineering typically are designed to last 4 years, but many students find that it takes between 4 and 5 years to complete their studies. In a typical 4-year college curriculum, the first 2 years are spent studying mathematics, basic sciences, introductory engineering, humanities, and social sciences. In the last 2 years, most courses are in engineering, usually with a concentration in one specialty. Some programs offer a general engineering curriculum; students then specialize on the job or in graduate school.
Some engineering schools have agreements with 2-year colleges whereby the college provides the initial engineering education, and the engineering school automatically admits students for their last 2 years. In addition, a few engineering schools have arrangements that allow students who spend 3 years in a liberal arts college studying pre-engineering subjects and 2 years in an engineering school studying core subjects to receive a bachelor's degree from each school. Some colleges and universities offer 5-year master's degree programs. Some 5-year or even 6-year cooperative plans combine classroom study and practical work, permitting students to gain valuable experience and to finance part of their education.
Licensure. All 50 States and the District of Columbia require licensure for engineers who offer their services directly to the public. Engineers who are licensed are called professional engineers (PE). This licensure generally requires a degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program, 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Recent graduates can start the licensing process by taking the examination in two stages. The initial Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination can be taken upon graduation. Engineers who pass this examination commonly are called engineers in training (EIT) or engineer interns (EI). After acquiring suitable work experience, EITs can take the second examination, the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam. Several States have imposed mandatory continuing education requirements for relicensure. Most States recognize licensure from other States, provided that the manner in which the initial license was obtained meets or exceeds their own licensure requirements. Many civil, electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers are licensed PEs. Independent of licensure, various certification programs are offered by professional organizations to demonstrate competency in specific fields of engineering.
Other qualifications. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are becoming increasingly important as engineers frequently interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.
Certification and advancement. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In sales, an engineering background enables them to discuss a product's technical aspects and assist in product planning, installation, and use. (See the statements under management and business and financial operations occupations, and the statement on sales engineers elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Numerous professional certifications for engineers exist and may be beneficial for advancement to senior technical or managerial positions. Many certification programs are offered by the professional societies listed as sources of additional information for engineering specialties at the end of this statement.
For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of evaluation research?
Advantages:
- practical orientation
- can reveal whether policies work/do not work
- explains underlying logic behind the programme
- it can improve programme effectiveness
Disadvantages:
- conflicts of interests among stakeholders
- costs of evaluation: it diverts resources from the programme
- apart from possessing research skills, researcher has to play different roles: collaborator, trainer, group facilitator etc. in order to smooth conflicts of interest
- it is difficult to generalize based on evaluation results
Is geography related to civil engineering in any way?
Yes it is. Civil engineers work with the land, outdoors on construction sites, designing roads, ditches, bridges, and many forms of infrastructure. All of those topics are discussed in your average high school geography text book.
What is the largest tunnel in Austria?
Austria's Koralm tunnel.
For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated at the bottom of this answer box.
What does accuracy and precision mean?
Precision measurements are those which are repeatable - so all measurements are clustered around the same value. An accurate measurement is where you are close to the true value.
A measurement can be precise but not accurate. If you have a piece of string which is 75cm long. You measure it and come up with values of 60cm, 60.5cm and 59.5cm - your measurements are precise but not accurate.
See also 'The Story of Measurement' by Andrew Robinson. Published by Thames and Hudson (2007)
Can you give us some idea of the size of bridge you're referring to? Firstly, how long is it? If it's a suspension bridge do you include all the shore anchorages in the weight? What is it made from - stone, brick, steel, wood, for example? Is the whole of the bridge made from the same thing? What sort of load is it meant to carry?
What is the hydration of cement?
The raw material used for manufacture of cement are limestone and clay. They are ground to form very fine powder and then converted to slurry. The slurry is baked at very high temperature to form granular mass called kilnker. The kilnker is ground and mixed with powdered gypsum to form cement.
Does the wind blow in a hurricane?
Yes! A hurricane contains both strong wind ad rain.Winds in a hurricane are sustained at at least 74 mph and in rare cases can approach 200 mph. The rain is torrential often resulting in severe flooding..
What is the difference between concrete mortar and cement paste?
Cement paste is formed when cement is mixed with water. However, cement mortar is formed when cement is mixed with fine aggregate (sand) and water.
- The strength of cement mortar is more when compared to cement paste.
- Shrinkage will be less in cement mortar and high in cement paste.
The Aswan High Dam is 3600 metres long and 111 metres high and has 12 turbines which generate over 10 billion kilowatts of electricity every year. The links below give further information.
What is the difference between 43 grade cement and 53 grade cement?
ANSWER: The grade 43 and 53 in cement mainly corresponds to the average compressive strength attained after 28 days ( 6724 hours) in mega pascals (Mpa) of at least three mortar cubes ( area of face 50 cm squared) composed of one part cement, 3 parts of standard s and
( conforming to IS 650:1966) by mass and P/4 ( P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency as per IS standard) + 3 percentage ( of combined mass of cement plus sand) of water , prepared, stored and tested in the manner described in methods of physical test for hydraulic cement.
721 hr not less than 23 MPa for 43 grade, 27 MPa for 53 grade
1682 hrs not less than 33MPa for 43 grade, 37MPa for 53 grade
6724 hrs not less than 43MPa for 43 grade, 53 MPa for 53 grade
ANSWER: The grade 43 and 53 in cement mainly corresponds to the average compressive strength attained after 28 days ( 6724 hours) in mega pascals (Mpa) of at least three mortar cubes ( area of face 50 cm squared) composed of one part cement, 3 parts of standard s and
( conforming to IS 650:1966) by mass and P/4 ( P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency as per IS standard) + 3 percentage ( of combined mass of cement plus sand) of water , prepared, stored and tested in the manner described in methods of physical test for hydraulic cement.
721 hr not less than 23 MPa for 43 grade, 27 MPa for 53 grade
1682 hrs not less than 33MPa for 43 grade, 37MPa for 53 grade
6724 hrs not less than 43MPa for 43 grade, 53 MPa for 53 grade
What is flow rate for copper pipe?
1/2 OD or ID as copper is measured by OD BUT in plumbing rather then saying 5/8 L tubing we say 1/2 BUT 1/2 in ACR work is actually plumbers 3/8
The flow rate is about 7.5 to 10gpm Plenty for up to 3 low flow shower heads.
How do you calculate the bending moment for a cantilever slab?
Max BM for a cantilever would be @ the point of support and would be equal to WL/2 where W=wL Max BM for a cantilever would be @ the point of support and would be equal to WL/2 where W=wL Edit- As said above the max bending moment for a cantilever will be at the support
For a distributed load M=wL2/2 where w=the fractured distributed load and L= the leaver arm For a point load
M=PL where P=the point load and L= the leaver arm *Having a cantilever means you will have reinforcing in the top of the beam/slab till a distance after the beam
Who invented the construction crane?
Mr George A Agnew, Director and Naval Architect, Robert Napier & Sons Ltd Govan, Glasgow. 1844 - 1899.
What is a dead load in building construction?
An influence line is used to show the effect of a dead load. This data normally manifests in a graphical display. Dead loads are permanently on the structure. The weight of the structure, or other similar elements is called a dead load.
What is the frost line in afghanistan?
The frost depth level below area's usually not less than 800 mm .
What is the principle of interference?
The relationship is interference is the addition of two or more wave pattern and the principle of superposition is the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave system equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point.
What is the compressive strength of Limestone?
Intact Limestone can have a uniaxial compressive strength ranging from:
15 MPa - 290 MPa.A,B
However the following should be noted:
Limestone is a natural earth material and so significant variability in strength and stiffness properties may occur.
As such ranges of values are commonly quoted for the strength of rock and other geotechnical materials. Ideally therefore the user would have access to specific lab test data for the rock type in question.
Also it is important to note that intact rock strengths require scaling for use in rock engineering as rock masses are usually fractured and discontinuous bodies whose behaviour is often controlled by the shear strength of the discontinuities rather than the intact strength properties of the rock. Considerable care should therefore be taken when attempting to apply intact rock strength parameters derived in the laboratory for use in rock mass engineering design.
Please see the related questions.
Sources:
AHudson, J.A. (2005). Engineering Properties of Rocks. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
BBell, F.G. (2007). Basic Environmental and Engineering Geology. Dunbeath, Whittles Publishing Limited.
What is the minimum anchorage length on re-bars in concrete cantilever beams?
you can generally use 180 degree hooks, to provide enough anchorage in slabs with no edge beams. use the Ldh formula (12.5.2) of ACI 318-11
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
There is no standard. Each college and university has a start date particular to itself. However, the approximate start date for most institutions within the United States is around mid January. The college I teach at starts January 22, 2009.
What are the benefits of bridges?
Tolls provide money for the government.
Bridge's also provide a passageway for transportations including automobiles, ferries, ships, and trains.
Efficient means of transportation vs taking a ship to the desired location.
Links to area's together.
Transportation time is much faster, and price of a toll is much less then a boat ticket.
