Civil Engineering

A switchyard is essentially a hub for electrical power sources. For instance, a switchyard will exist at a generating station to coordinate the exchange of power between the generators and the transmission lines in the area. A switchyard will also exist when high voltage lines need to be converted to lower voltage for distribution to consumers.

Therefore a switchyard will contain; current carrying conductors, grounding wires and switches, transformers, disconnects, remotely controlled arc snuffing breakers, metering devices, etc.

Hi, I am only an undergrad civil engineer so feel free to correct me if I am wrong, but I will try to help! Say we are dealing here with a steel beam, spanning across a ceiling, and the load applied to it is the floor above. Let's presume it is supporting 2 loads, the concrete slab above it (dead load) and the service load (live load), i.e. people walking over the floor and hence varying. We need to estimate the area of floor the beam is supporting, so obviously this will be in m^2, and we also need to depth. We also need the characteristic service load for our type of building, and this can be found in a book such as the Metric Handbook (a must have for engineers!!) We then take the total area value to British Standards tables, which will give us a self weight of the concrete for a certain depth and a certain characteristic service load. It will also tell us the effective span of the floor. We then add together the dead load and live load, for the total load on the beam, so: applied load = (total area x concrete self weight) + (total area x characteristic service load) This should give you quite a large value with real buildings. UDLs are measured in N/m or kN/m, and so finally we just need to divide the total load by the span of the beam in metres. Also, not all of the load will be on the beam, some will be applied to the supporting structures, so you can assume that only somewhere around half of the final load is the UDL over the span of the beam. Hope this helps, Luke

It of course depends on the depth. An old rule of thumb is one ton will cover one square yard (3'x3') at 18 inch depth. Of course we don't place it 18 inches deep very often. But if you divide 18 by the number of inches you do plan to lay, it will tell you how many square yards can be covered. For example, at 3" depth, divide 18 by 3 = 6 square yards will be covered. Another way is to calculate the volume you are covering in cubic feet such as 15 feet by 50 feet by 3 inches (0.25'), = total cubic feet. Then divide totl cubic feet by 150 (apprx. wt per cubuc foot of asphalt)=TONS NEEDED

A lot

Strength is the amount of load or stress a materiall can take before breaking.

Toughness is an intrinsic property of the material that relates to how deep a crack or flaw can be before breaking.

The production of electricity. It also moderates the flow of water during times of periodic flooding.

l multiply 2.66 multiply (D)squre

The forces are equal magnitude but opposite directions act tangent the surfaces of opposite ends of the object

the shear stress as force "f" acting tangent to the surface,dived by the "area"{a}

shear stress=f/a

The ozone in the earth's upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, moderates and reduces ultraviolet light (the UV-B range). preventing much of it from getting to ground level. When this ozone is depleted, more ultraviolet light (UV-B) passes to ground level. Ozone provides no "disadvantages" when it is located in the stratosphere. When ozone is made by "domestic" processes in the atmosphere we breathe, it is hazardous to lung tissue, affecting first asthmatics, children, and the aged. Based on the "area" this question is allocated to, questions of medical uses or misuses of ozone are not on topic. Reading further will provide discussion of medical uses of ozone. [OzoneGuy] ---- On one hand, long wave ultraviolet light striking the skin produces natural vitamin D in the body, which helps metabolize calcium into bone tissue. On the other hand, short wave ultraviolet light is ionizing radiation which can produce skin cancer. It may be that the dosage of ultraviolet light that constitutes benefical exposure, and what constitutes excessive exposure may be overlapping. Both the benefits and risks may be present at the same time. It can be seen that both less ozone and more ozone in the upper atmosphere have detriments and benefits simultaneously. On the ground level ozone is a respiratory irritant, and can aggravate the respiratory tract and also asthmatic conditions. Ozone is a more powerful oxidant than oxygen, and is weaker only than fluorine, and a handful of radicals. Ozone is intenioinally generated and used in commerical and municipal applications for sterilization, flocculation, oxidation, and taste and odor reduction. See this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone Conventional medicine considers ozone to be an air pollutant and a poisonous gas, and it is a major contributor to the production of smog. There are some adherents to alternative medicine who claim many "cures" using ozone. However, there appear to be legitimate medical uses for ozone; see this link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?tool=QuerySuggestion&cmd=search&db=pmc&term=beneficial+effects+of+ozone Ozone exposure has been linked to permanent damage to lung tissue, aggrevation of asthma symptoms, and plaque formation in the blood stream (hardening of the arteries). Ozone has been successfully used and documented in various peer reviewed literature for: destroying bacteria in cavities, in solution in treatment of intestinal infection (peritonitis), and in treatment of damaged discs in the spine. Also well documented is that ozone is not particularly effective against blood-borne pathogens (HIV / AIDS, etc.), but that it destroys red blood cells just as fast, and generally suppresses the immune system for a time. Note that a molecule more powerful than ozone is made by antibodies to fight infection, this molecule degrades into ozone / hypochlorite / etc. to actually do the work of killing invaders, and Nature does this *very* selectively... not by shoving a tube from an ozone generator into any available orifice ("insufflation"). [OzoneGuy] I suggest to the "two" folks that are having a good time talking about medical uses and misuses of ozone stop doing it here on this answer to ozone as it relates to "Global Warming". [OzoneGuy] And Isuggest, to OzoneGuy, that, since Ozone has nothing to do with global warming, that the question doesn't even belong in this category. [btrevoryoung]

action research is carried out to prove a scientific issue.

The VZ Narrows in Staten Island, New York.

$13.00 for Cars.

This is a high toll, but the VZ bridge is neither the most expensive not the one with the highest toll. The Great Belt Bridge in Denmark has a toll for medium-size cars of 30 Euros, around 45 dollars. The Bay Bridge in San Francisco, when rebuilt, is generally considered the most expensive.

engineers make tractors for the farmers and the farmers make food for the engineers.

it takes a lot of ingenuity to be successful in either field.

both fields tend to be dominated by men.

Crank lengths are used because the moments at the edge strips are negative while that at mid span are positive so reinforcement are alternatively provided at the top and bottom respectively..

so just to have connection between the reinforcement

and for the slab to behave as a single unit by providing continuous bars, cranking is done in slabs..

There are numerous engineering consulting firms available to help with services. Many of these can be found online, but they can also be found in person. In general, one of the largest companies out there is General Electric, who offers great engineering services and products, available to everyone.

The slenderness ratio is the ratio between the height or length of a structural element (such as a column, or strut) and the width or thickness of the element.

For example, if a rectangular column is 6m high, and 400mm by 600mm in cross-section, then its slenderness is 6000/600 = 10 in one direction and 6000/400 = 15 in the other direction.

The higher the slenderness ratio, the more slender the structural element is. How slender a structural element is allowed to be depends upon the material it is made from. Steel can be more slender than concrete, for example.

In structural engineering calculations, the slenderness is often denoted as the element's "effective" length divided by something called the radius of gyration. The radius of gyration is a measure of the average distance of the material from the centroid (centre of gravity) of the element's cross section. This can be calculated as r = (I/A)0.5, where I is the second moment of area, or second moment or inertia, of the cross section and A is the area of the cross section.

The effective length of an element is determined by how it is fixed at its ends. The effective length is the length of the column that will form half a sine wave if it buckles. If it is "pinned", or has hinged ends, the effective length is the true length of the element. If it is a cantilever (fixed at one end but free at the other), the effective length is twice the true length. If it is fully fixed at both ends the effective length is 0.7 times the true length, but this is in reality very difficult to achieve, so often a real structural element is considered to be only nominally fixed and the effective length is taken to be 0.85 times the true length.

To avoid accidents in the home, some safety precautions that should be followed are avoid clutter, clean up spills as soon as possible, and make sure rugs are nonslip. If a small child is in the home, cabinet locks should be used. The place where the most falls take place in the home is the bathroom. Make sure safety mats and handrails are installed in bathing areas.

1. Warren truss
2. King post
3. Queen post
4. Bow string
5. Curved chord
6. Through type
   

1:2:4

"Battery limits" in general simply outlines the limits of the work to be done by the engineer. If a refinery asks an engineer to carry out some work on the refinery, the battery limits need to be defined in order to determine what the engineer is responsible for and what he is not responsible for.

In the case of a refinery, for example, the battery limits might include sizing and costing a new heat exchanger. It could include the cost of utilities, installation, electrical needs, maintenance. Outside the battery limits might be how the utilities are supplied, how this heat exchanger is going to be delivered, who is going to build the exchanger etc.

Malleability- the ability to be pounded into thin sheets Density- the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire Thermal Conductivity- The ability to transfer thermal energy from one area to another

One segment goes out, you replace the whole thing. They tend to build up a little extra heat since they're all crammed into a single package.

To avoid problems, use a bridge that will only run at half capacity. Meaning, if your device is pulling 1 amp, use a 2 amp bridge.

And USE A HEAT SINK!!! and don't forget the heat sink grease.

curing time of concrete 14-28 days

Ponte Fabricio in Rome, build about 62 BC, still existing in its original state.

Less impressive than the Ponte Fabricio, the Mycenaean Arkadiko Bridge in Greece is over 3000 years old.