Computer Networking

Unicast

The network portion of the IP address is information that is used by the router to determine the path between the source and destination hosts. The two types of media that are useful for connecting two devices that are separated by a distance of 500 meters is 1000 BASE-TX and 1000 BASE-SX.

Wide Area Networks (WANs), include their much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines. Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently, but ARCNET,

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In a multi-access network, the router cannot determine the next-hop MAC address for the Ethernet frame without a next-hop address.

effective bandwidth

You would also have to know the subnet mask.

You would also have to know the subnet mask.

You would also have to know the subnet mask.

You would also have to know the subnet mask.

There are 4 Classes of ip

Class A : 0-126

Class B : 128-191

Class C : 191-224

Class D : 224-239

Class E : 240-255

Note : The ip 127 is dedicated for Loopback testing and cannot be assigned to a network

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Class B Address

The transport layer segments data whenever the size of the packet is too large to transport efficiently--in practice, this happens whenever the data is too large to fit in a single network layer packet. Although the network layer can also fragment packets, the process is inefficient and generally the transport layer segment size is adjusted so that no further division is required in the network layer.

Much more details are here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_header#Maximum_segment_size

A global IP address is assigned to a computer or modem by an internet service provider and can be communicated with from anywhere on the internet. Global IP addresses are unique and assigned only to a single computer or device.

Local IP addresses (Private IP Addresses) are assigned by a router and include 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255. Local IP addresses can only be used to communicate within a closed network.

As an example:

* Bob's house has two computers and a router. * ** Bob is assigned an IP addresses of 78.182.2.17 by his ISP. ** Both of bob's computers are connected to a router which is connected to the internet. ** *** Router IP:

*** **** Local: 192.168.0.100 **** Global: 78.182.2.17 *** Computer one IP: 192.168.0.101 *** Computer two IP: 192.168.0.102 When Bob uses either computer one or two to connect to the internet the traffic is passed by the IP address 78.182.2.17 which is his global IP address. The router acts as a gateway to the internet using this IP address.

Bob can however communicate between his two computers within his house using the 192.168. IP addresses.

If someone on the internet want's to communicate with Bob they use 78.182.2.17 and the router determines which of Bob's two computers the traffic is intended for as the 78.182.2.17 IP address in this case is actually Bob's router and is not directly assigned to either computer. Local IP addresses must be unique within a network but individual networks can use the same internal IP addresses provided they are not connected. (ie. Company A can only have one 10.0.11.23, however company B can also have a 10.0.11.23).

When we express an IPv4 network address, we add a prefix length to the network address. The prefix length is the number of bits in the address that gives us the network portion. For example, in 172.16.4.0 /24, the /24 is the prefix length - it tells us that the first 24 bits are the network address. This leaves the remaining 8 bits, the last octet, as the host portion.

An internal modem is housed within the main computer.

An external modem is on the outside of the computer and connected to the computer with a cable.

The Internet could be used for communication in many different ways. For example, email messages are sent over the internet. When people make websites, that is using the internet to communicate information to the readers. The internet can also be used for instant messaging (texting) or even Voice over Internet Provider (VoIP) which allows live video/audio conversations with people across the internet at other computers or even telephones.

Translational Bridge

Some devices (like the Nintendo DS) use wireless connection instead of wired for on-line usage, which means you need a wireless router. A laptop is an another example that often uses a wireless router to get on the Internet instead of a wired connection.

A Molex power connector is a 4-pin power connector found in most computer power supplies. It is used to provide power to large internal drives like hard drives and CD/DVD drives. They are slowly being replaced by SATA power connectors, which are easier to install can cannot be inserted incorrectly.

They should not be confused with a Berg connector which is much smaller and is used to power floppy drives.

The molex connector is used for IDE drives

advantages of guide transmission media

the rubber casing on the outside of the cable is what protects it from damage.

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It is an Internet IP Address, often found in Small Domains, or large home networks

Networking layer of the OSI model

Flow control vs. congestion control:

Flow control means preventing the source from sending data that the

sink will end up dropping because it runs out of buffer space.

This is fairly easy with a sliding window protocol--just make sure

the source's window is no larger than the free space in the sink's

buffer. TCP does this by letting the sink advertise its free buffer

space in the window field of the acks.

Congestion control means preventing (or trying to prevent) the

source from sending data that will end up getting dropped by a

router because its queue is full. This is more complicated, because

packets from different sources travelling different paths can

converge on the same queue.