0
Computer Networking
Computer networks are collections of computers which are connected together in order to communicate and transfer information. Questions about computer networks, networking protocols, and how to set them up belong here.
18,810 Questions
In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), there are several key states during the formation of neighbor relationships. These include the Down, Init, Two-Way, ExStart, Exchange, Loading, and Full states. The transition through these states ensures that routers can establish and maintain adjacencies, exchange routing information, and build a synchronized link-state database. Each state serves a specific purpose in the OSPF neighbor discovery and database synchronization process.
What are the types of protocols?
routing protocol:
helps to find the best path to transfer the packets from one network to diffrent network
example:
rip: routing information protocol
igrp, ospf......
routed protocol:
helps to carry the packets to the destination.
example:
smtp : transfer the mails
ftp : transfer the files.
What is a good example of pier to pier network?
There are many application which help peer to peer networking. For eg: Ares, Warez, Utorrent. In peer to peer networking a file or a piece of the file is read from a individual's computer and it is downloaded at another's computer who has requested for that piece of information. The actual data is not shared or stored on the network.
He special importance of the peer group is the fact that it?
The special importance of a peer group is the fact that it helps people learn to evaluate each other through the eyes of their peers. They can also gain important feedback from one another about difficult situations.
What is an optical fiber and how can messages be sent through it?
optical fiber is made from extremely pure glass that is stretched out to a very thin and flexible wire. fiber optic wire is often used in locations of computer networks with a very high load because of the speed of light. it simply uses the same hexidecimal and binary codes to transmit data over the network just like regular Ethernet cables, except much much much faster.
What is the purpose for QoS protocols?
QoS is Quality of Service. Basically it prioritizes VOIP calls.
What tool what creates separate logical networks?
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a tool that creates separate logical networks within a single physical network infrastructure. By segmenting network traffic, VLANs enhance security, improve performance, and simplify network management. Each VLAN operates as an independent network, allowing devices within the same VLAN to communicate while isolating them from devices in other VLANs. This logical separation enables better control over network resources and traffic flow.
What data rate are offered for ISDN primary access?
Two basic channels (2B) of 64 Kbps and one data channel (D) of 16 kbps.
No, ICMP is not a routing protocol. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by the Internet Protocol suite (IP) to send error and status messages. It is mainly used for diagnostics. Ping and traceroute are two tools that use ICMP. ICPM is used by routing protocols, for routing advertisements and router discovery.
What is the PHY chip used for?
A PHY chip takes a set of data, and turns it into a string of bits to allow the data to be transmitted across a physical medium, such as fiber optic cables. This is part of Layer 1 of the OSI model.
Is NAT is responsible for translating IP address to domain name?
DNS is responsible for translating
IP address to domain name.
"http" is short for "hypertext transfer protocol" it is a specification forming part of the World Wide Web (www) and is used in the full web address to specify how the resource should be accessed.
"https" adds security of connection to the protocol and there are also other protocols that can be used such as "ftp" for moving whole files round the internet.
Define connection oriented and connectionless transmission with examples?
TCP has an acknowledgement technique of checking if data packet is received either at the client or at the server end, this is what makes it a connection oriented network service.
while
UDP does not guarantee reliability of ordering or acknowledgement the way TCP does. Datagrams may appear out of order, missing or appear duplicated. This is what makes it a connectionless oriented network service.
What are the security issues in database management system?
- Daily Maintenance: Database audit logs require daily review to make certain that there has been no data misuse. This requires overseeing database privileges and then consistently updating user access accounts. A database security manager also provides different types of access control for different users and assesses new programs that are performing with the database. If these tasks are performed on a daily basis, you can avoid a lot of problems with users that may pose a threat to the security of the database.
- Varied Security Methods for Applications: More often than not applications developers will vary the methods of security for different applications that are being utilized within the database. This can create difficulty with creating policies for accessing the applications. The database must also possess the proper access controls for regulating the varying methods of security otherwise sensitive data is at risk.
- Post-Upgrade Evaluation: When a database is upgraded it is necessary for the administrator to perform a post-upgrade evaluation to ensure that security is consistent across all programs. Failure to perform this operation opens up the database to attack.
- Split the Position: Sometimes organizations fail to split the duties between the IT administrator and the database security manager. Instead the company tries to cut costs by having the IT administrator do everything. This action can significantly compromise the security of the data due to the responsibilities involved with both positions. The IT administrator should manage the database while the security manager performs all of the daily security processes.
- Application Spoofing: Hackers are capable of creating applications that resemble the existing applications connected to the database. These unauthorized applications are often difficult to identify and allow hackers access to the database via the application in disguise.
- Manage User Passwords: Sometimes IT database security managers will forget to remove IDs and access privileges of former users which leads to password vulnerabilities in the database. Password rules and maintenance needs to be strictly enforced to avoid opening up the database to unauthorized users.
- Windows OS Flaws: Windows operating systems are not effective when it comes to database security. Often theft of passwords is prevalent as well as denial of service issues. The database security manager can take precautions through routine daily maintenance checks.
These are just a few of the database security problems that exist within organizations. The best way to avoid a lot of these problems is to employ qualified personnel and separate the security responsibilities from the daily database maintenance responsibilities.
Start with your basic bus topology, where you have a beginning and an end of the network with however many nodes connected in series between. Now, add an identical bus network, except this time start from the other bus network's end and end at this other network's beginning. That's a dual bus topology. This simply provides a single, fail-safe mechanism to the normal bus topology.
How do you find out what type of imternet that you may have?
You can go here, ipchicken or google and search for a connection speed test!
What is the difference between the s twist and z twist?
the s has a curve to it and the z dosen't! do you get it now?
When would optical fiber be used in ethernet lan?
When you need to cover distances longer than 200 meters. Also fiber optics is recommended when you have high load connection, for instance, between building, floors and so on.
What the definition of network id?
A network ID refers to a part of a TCP/IP address that is used to identify the subnet that a host may be on. The subnet that the computer is on is determined by the netmask and IP address of the computer. This subnet address is the same as the network ID and is the beginning part of the computers IP address.
When the netmask is setup, it is a number where some of the most significant bits have a 1's value and the rest have values of 0. The most significant part of the netmask with bits set to 1's specifies the network address, and the lower part of the address will specify the host address.
The part of the IP address that matches the part of the netmask where the bits are set to ones determines the network ID.
Which command can be used on a PC to determine which TCP IP ports are in use?
Open command prompt and type netstat
This will show all ports in use and all ingoing\outgoing connections along with the connection type. TCP, UDP
The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is an Internet application protocol used for transporting Usenet news articles (netnews) between news servers and for reading and posting articles by end user client applications.
