Computer Networking

In networks, a processing location. A node can be a computer or some other device, such as a printer. Every node has a unique network address, sometimes called a Data Link Control (DLC) address or Media Access Control (MAC) address.

An Internet host used to be a single machine connected to the Internet (which meant it had a unique IP address). As a host, it made certain services available to other machines on the network. However, virtual hosting now means that one physical host can actually be many virtual hosts.

No.

The IRS, for instance, processes your tax return on computers that - quite wisely - do not connect to the internet. When your return is submitted, it ends up on storage media which is hauled on carts across the hall to computers that calculate your refund or amount due. You can imagine how much a clever virus writer could make otherwise.

A modem is a modulator/demodulator, which converts between electronic signals and the sounds transmitted by a POTS (Plain Old Telephone Signal) line. Those likes have a top speed of only about 53kbps - too slow for much of anything these days except FAX, which runs at 9600 bps.

Broadband "modems" are not really modems.

Yes, the career in hardware and networking field is very well paid. You can expect a handsome salary package in this field. Today, computer has become the central point of all the businesses, and office networking has also become important.

A hub is a layer 1 (physical) device because it does not use any part of the packet header to direct the packet to the right destination, it just broadcasts to all connected computers.

world wide web

it is a small personal code for your computer and other home appliances you can find it by clicking run on the start menu then type command and press enter then type inpgof. hope you find what you want from Michael gumbo

twisted-pair

Copy and Interpret

SHF1 means the cables are compliant to IEC 60092-351 & 359.

If you are not hosting on your own servers, you would need to contact your domain host.

Classful Routing Protocol

yes

Negate the original command and enter a new static route with the new next hop

Some cable ties have metal additives, most are made with a durable, UV stablized, nylon co-polymer. Ideal use is for wires, valves, and identification.

If your internet provider allows to have 2 modems, yes you can. If not, then you can't do that.

Wireless G is a much more common type of signal. Wireless N is better for gaming (eg.Xbox Live, PSN). Usually wireless N routers are more expensive. Get the one best suited for you.

Many people are affected by lags when accessing the Internet. However, you can reduce how much you are affected by this by changing a few things. I explain how to make your internet work faster with a few suggestions and ideas and will give some hints on how to make your computer run faster, as this can also be a cause of lag in gaming. Please be aware that some of the hardware-related computer suggestions can get a bit techy, so just skip the paragraph if you are not sure of that topic.

Time to get down with the technical language...

Local Server!
First thing to make sure that you are doing is connecting to the server that is hosted closest to you geographically. If you are unsure on which that is (say for example you live somewhere half way between the two locations servers are hosted) you can always check your 'ping' to the server. What 'ping' means is how quick you can get a response from the server. This changes depending on how fast your Internet is and also how far away the server is. If you are using 1.7.2, you can use the in-built feature to check, or you can online ping sites to check your ping based on an average location. For example, I get around 30ms (milliseconds) ping from Shotbow EU, but around 100ms ping from Shotbow US. I would obviously choose EU to connect to, since it is so much faster.

Firewall!
The next thing you can do is disable the firewall on your computer. As long as you are connecting using a router from a reliable organisation, it should have a firewall already installed and working on it. All you are doing by having a firewall active on your computer is slowing the connection down even more.

Bandwidth!
Another thing to keep in mind is bandwidth. To define bandwidth, I would like you all to imagine a pipe. The width of this pipe is the bandwidth of your connection through it. Say that we have a mobile phone using YouTube to stream videos that it is watching, that will take up some of the width in the pipe. Now you are trying to connect to a specific server. The pipe is no longer as wide, and so you cannot use as much of it to speed up your connection. You can disable connections to the Internet from other devices to allow a better connection from one device.

Aluminium signal booster!
This next one might sound silly, although it actually works through the witchcraft of science. If you are using a wireless connection, you can improve the quality of the connection by creating an aluminium dish around the router facing where your computer is connecting from. To do this, you could take a beer can (which an adult would be more than happy to empty for you beforehand), cut off the top and bottom of it (this will be sharp so put some duct tape/gaffer tape/electrical tape around the edges to prevent you from cutting yourself. You will now have a cone. Take this cone and cut from the top to the bottom to create a sheet (again, tape up the sharp edges). Using this sheet, you can create a makeshift, repositionable and surprisingly effective way of improving your connection.

Wired vs wireless!
This one may seem a little obvious, but if you are using a wireless connection, consider getting an ethernet cable to use to wire your connection to the router. Wired connections are always faster and I have not seen a wired connection at less than 100mbps in theoretical speed, whereas an average wireless connection could achieve half of that in theoretical speed.

Wireless devices and routers!
As said before with the 'ping' of a server, you also have one between you and your router. This means that the quality of the connection depends on the distance between you and the router, or how good the output from your wireless device is. Move closer to it, use a wired connection or get a more reliable wireless card/adapter to improve this.

The best provider for you!
The final suggestion I will make related to Internet speeds is to get a more reliable provider (there is not one specific provider that is the best altogether) for your area, or use fibre optic connections if you do not do so already and resources permit this. I definitely noticed the difference in connections for both of these things. I used to get Sky broadband, which would connect to my favourite TF2 server at a ping of 50ms (UK). I upgraded this package to fibre optics and the ping improved to around 35ms. This might not seem too large a difference to matter, but you can definitely notice it. I changed my provider to Virgin Media, who also provided fibre optic connection. This provider was better for my area, and now I get around 20ms ping for the TF2 server (I actually got 15ms once! Either the server is next door to me or this was pretty good Internet !).

Now that you have made your connection faster, you may wonder why you still experience lag... then you can find, or already have found, that you have a bad FPS on Minecraft. FPS stands for frames per second, and this is simply a measure of how often the picture on your computer screen is updated to a different picture (this is not refresh rate, that is completely unrelated). The most common cause of a bad frame rate is that your PC is not up to the specs that Minecraft can demand from it. You do not need to have a supercomputer with 16GB of RAM for this not to be a problem. I get at the very least around 30fps when my computer is running slowly, and I only have 4GB of RAM. I will now go through a few steps that I always consider when making a computer run faster.

Close other programs!
The more programs you have open, the more your computer has to work to keep them all running at once, even if they are not doing anything. Closing more programs will make your computer run faster as your CPU is not being used as much to keep the unused programs open while you game.

Overclocking!
Do not, under almost any circumstances, fall to the common misunderstanding that overclocking a computer makes it run faster. Sure, it makes the processor run faster, but this serves only to overheat it quicker (one major cause of slow computers is high heat levels) and bottleneck the internal speeds of the computer. To explain bottlenecking I would like you to imagine a drinks bottle. the 'neck' is always thinner than the rest of the bottle, and therefore only the amount of liquid that can fit through this neck can be let out of the bottle at once. The speed of a computer is only as high as it's slowest component, which represents the 'neck' of our bottle. Making something faster does noting unless it is the slowest component, which the processor almost never is.

Overheating!
As stated in the above tip, overheating is a major problem, and is usually the cause for even high-spec computers running slowly. Heat is generated in a computer because electricity is constantly flowing through all of the copper wires in a computer. That is a lot of energy that will not all be useful, some of it will become 'waste' heat energy. This makes it important to have good air circulation in your computer, good heat-displacing components and a good air flow behind the computer. I have an intake fan on the front of my computer, an extracting fan on the back of my computer and the air vent on the wall of my bedroom is behind the back of the computer, which is 1 metre away from the wall. Do not push the back of your computer up against a wall, and especially not under your desk against a poorly ventilated wall. This serves only to build up heat at the back of the computer and makes circulation pretty bad.

Dust!
Dust is quite an annoyance to any computer owner that is aware of what it can do. This is also related to heat, but not in an air circulation sort of way. If dust is allowed to build up in your computer, it will hold any heat that is passed into it for quite a while. It can also jam components such as fans or get into the connectors between components and the motherboard of the computer. It is important that you clear as much dust out of your computer as you can on a regular basis to prevent build-ups, no matter how good your air circulation is. I recommend using a paintbrush for the case and heat sinks, and then compressed air for circuitry such as connectors and the motherboard, since you don't want bristles to scratch these things.

RAM!
RAM is a common cause for computers running slowly due to many computers being shipped with only 2GB of the magic circuitry inside of them (please, never, ever, fall victim to anyone offering 'downloadable RAM' to you. It does not exist in any form at all- this is a scam). To add to this problem, all new computers are usually shipped with Windows 7 or 8 on them. The problem with this is that both operating systems use about 2GB of RAM to run, leaving only system reserves to run additional programs. This makes for a very slow computer. You can increase your virtual memory on your hard drive to compensate for this if you do not have the resources to acquire more RAM. My recommendation if you cannot source more RAM is to get a different operating system. I use Windows XP Media Centre Edition 2005 64-bit SP3. Before you go laugh at me being 3 operating systems behind in Windows, consider that XP uses only 1GB of RAM (meaning that a 2GB RAM computer can run that and Minecraft just dandy) and that XP is by far the most stable Windows (and in comparison to any Apple OS) to date, and is still a popular choice among many gamers that know what they are doing with their computer. I also use Puppy Linux on my netbook, which requires only 126MB of RAM (there are 1024MB in 1GB- do the maths) to run, making it by far one of the most resource-cheap operating systems to run. And it is free! My netbook has only 2GB of RAM, meaning that by using this with the Linux version of Minecraft I can still run it at a good FPS. If you can source more RAM, try and get enough so that by adding the requirement of your operating system and the most RAM-intensive program you have, there is still some to spare. This will make sure that you do not have a problem with RAM usage in most cases (other than running many, many windows at once, of course).

Bottlenecking!
As mentioned before with bottlenecking, you should try and match the speeds of your components to your motherboard as much as possible. This is usually a problem with hard drives and PCI expansion components (for example graphics and sound cards) as the ports they connect with are not the fastest ever, even with SATA connections. By matching speeds, you are avoiding bottlenecking, meaning that you do not spend too much on a component that gets slowed by other, slower ones. My processor is only 2.67Ghz. Using a faster one is pointless because my SATA 3 hard drive does not go that fast. My RAM is only 1600MHz, meaning that my processor does not even need to be that fast, either.

CPU!
With processors, many people believe that more cores=more power. This is not strictly true. If you have a 2Ghz 4 core, you have 4 virtual processors with half a GHz of power each. If you have another 2Ghz processor with 2 cores, you have two virtual processors with 1Ghz of power each. This means that unless you are running a lot of intensive programs at once, you are not getting anything much for your money. Also, more cores means more is happening at once, requiring more electricity. This then creates more heat- our nemesis from earlier in the post. I use a 2 core processor, as I usually only run two programs at once.

Graphics card!
With graphics cards in computers, you should go for a dedicated graphics card if possible. This means that they have a processor on them, which in turn means that the processor on the motherboard doers not have to process the graphics for the computer. I use an Nvidea Geforce GT which is very reliable, and has a dedicated processor. Look for GPU in the name of the graphics card when buying. This stands for 'graphics processing unit'.

Memory allocation!
Another common cause for problems is that you may have more RAM allocated to Minecraft than you have available to be used (and this is even more of a problem in Windows 7 or 8 computers as previously discussed). There are many tutorials all over the Internet on how to change how much memory you have allocated to Minecraft, and more is not always better. The more memory you have allocated for Minecraft to use, the more it will try to use. This can often make the program very CPU-intensive, which will therefore slow down the computer even more.

Nslookup

first off

IT IS A LEVEL OF NETWORK DEVELOPPED BY THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY AND RELEASED AS AN OPEN SOURCE PROJECT.

THE REASON WHY THAT IT IS BETTER:

UNDER MAC ; THE KERNEL CHECK MAC RULES AND THEN CHECKS DAC RULES BEFORE RUNNING ANY PROCEDURE.

THEN IT PROVIDES EACH APPLICATION WITH A VIRTUAL BOX THAT ONLY ALLOWS THE APPLICATION TO PERFORM THE TASKS IT IS DESIGNED FOR AND EXPLICITLY ALLOWED IN THE SECURITY POLICY TO PERFORM.

IT OFFERS BETTER SECURITY BECAUSE UNDER MAC BESIDES HIS CONTROL, THE ADMINISTRATOR CAN WRITE SECURITY THAT DEFINES ACCESS RIGHT. AND FILES ARE ASSIGNED A SECURITY CONTEXT THAT DETERMINES WHAT SPECIFIC PROCESSES CAN DO WITH THEM AND THE ALLOWABLE ACTIONS ARE MUCH MORE FINELY GRAINED THAN THE STANDARD UNIX READ/WRITE/EXECUTE CONTROL

It can be done, just as it might be in a corporate environment. They would be on different networks in your house, if that is what you want.

Microwave systems can be used to transmit video data

NetCrunch 8 from AdRem Software offers real-time visualization of your network. All of the views are dynamic, and show you the current status of whatever network elements you are looking at, without a refresh button or time limitations.

When the TCP/IP protocol is used they use what is called a 3 way handshake.

If UDP protocol is used it is connectionless which means there is no guarantee of packet arrival.

For more information, see the Related Link.

There is a grate book by Doug Lowe called Networking for Dummies. Well worth a read it is the networking pocket Bible.