Computer Programming

Subroutines are code blocks that can be called from anywhere in your code where the subroutine is within the scope of the caller.

They are not used in batch files or command scripts, but they may be emulated by calling one batch file from another and waiting for the external call to return, which may (optionally) return an error level which can be tested by the caller.

Subroutines can be used in other scripts, including vbscript and javascript. Subroutines may also be called functions or procedures depending on the type of script.

clip art refers to pree-made emage used for illustration,,,

we are jenarly use in presentation ,our project

buy pokemon games made in USA. 100% original.

Sequence diagram (UML), activity diagram (UML), traditional flow chart (may be more...)

All their software is proprietary and not free, that's enough for me.

In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.[1][2]

Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of databases, while compiler implementations usually use hash tables to look up identifiers.

Data structures are used in almost every program or software system. Specific data structures are essential ingredients of many efficient algorithms, and make possible the management of huge amounts of data, such as large databases and internet indexing services. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design

No need for a batch file, the following commands will do it:

CD folder

FOR /F %i IN (files.txt) DO DEL %i /P /F /S

The CD command sets the current folder. All deletions will occur in the specified folder and its sub-folders.

The files.txt file must be a list of file names (wildcards permitted) with one file name per line. If this file does not reside in the current folder you must specify the fully-qualified path or the relative path (relative to the current folder).

The FOR loop essentially executes the DEL command for each file in files.txt. The DEL command line switches are:

/P (prompt for confirmation before deleting each file)

/F (force delete read-only files)

/S (recurse through sub-folders of the current folder).

To suppress prompting, remove /P but add /Q (quiet mode) to suppress prompting on global wildcards. For more help on this, enter DEL /? at the command prompt. For more help on the FOr command, type FOR /? at the command prompt.

If used in a command script (.cmd) or batch file (.bat), replace %i with %%i. The only real advantage of using a batch file (other than to save a bit of typing) is that you can also pass the root folder and the file containing your file list as parameters (identified by %1, %2, etc).

By using the methods taught and the knowledge you have gained during your course.

Compiled code is plain-text source code that is translated from an English-like, high-level language into either machine code or byte code by a program known as a compiler. Machine code is the native language of the machine, consisting of binary patterns that represent a sequence of machine instructions and their operands. Byte code is the native language of a virtual machine; a machine that only exists within a computer's memory. The virtual machine is simply a program that interprets the byte code in order to produce the actual machine code. Unlike machine code which must be compiled separately for each platform, byte code will run on any platform that has a corresponding virtual machine implementation.

ICT stands for information and communication technologies, which is used every where today.. It can be used mobile, laptop, internet or many devices...

No. Not if the program is virus free

The computer on which the software is being written. Sometimes, the term is even narrowly down to the tool(s) running on that computer. For example, your PC or notebook as a development platform (running Windows or MAC, UNIX, etc). Or Eclipse as the development platform to write Java or any other programs.

The open source movement remains a font of innovation to this day, and not just in the commercial sector. Numerous projects founded by universities, loosely knit communities, and individuals are exploring areas yet to be taken on by mainstream, proprietary software products. Here are just seven examples of exciting new ideas in software that you may be able to buy from proprietary vendors someday, but that you can only get for free from the open source community today.

Proprietary software vendors, including Microsoft, would have you believe the open source movement has produced nothing but knockoffs of existing products and cast-off code that couldn't cut it in the free market.

But while many open source projects, such as OpenOffice.org, do in fact represent well-established categories, to claim that open source has contributed nothing new to the software landscape is a gross exaggeration. For starters, much of the software in use on the Web today -- from the Firefox and Chrome browsers to the Apache Web Server to scripting languages such as Perl, Python, and Ruby -- began life as open source projects.

Obfuscation of source code is the practice of formatting the code to be difficult to understand. It also makes it difficult to support. Since source code development and support is a team effort, I would fire anyone that deliberately obfuscates their code. (After appropriate warning, of course.)

As an example of this team effort attitude, I was part of a team that wrote code for the IBM MainFrame. Policy was that code maintainers should use the style of the original author, so as to minimize future complication in support. Policy, also, was that new code be written in COBOL II, even though my manager knew I was a C/C++ Master, and we did have a C compiler, because if some of my code needed to be supported when I was not around, the number of people that understood COBOL II in a MainFrame environment was greater (at that time) then the number of people that knew C/C++.

If you put it on a floppy disk. It's a storage device nothing more. By the way flashdrives are smaller and store a lot more data.

The zebra menu is similar to a context menu within Windows Applications.

We use the Zebra Menu to manipulate any asset on our Prezi Canvas.

The Zebra has 3 main uses plus a couple of subsidiary uses.

1) To drag your asset around the canvas.

2) To resize your asset and

3) Rotate your asset to a chosen angle.

You can also use the Zebra to edit text and images and manipulate the layer levels of the said asset.

To see a more comprehensive tutorial on the Zebra Menu, see the related link.

There is no standard for pseudocode. Pseudocode is generally expected to be intuitively understood by its target audience, but it doesn't need similarity with natural language or familiar programming language.

Therefore, all the following are pseudocode examples to increment a variable called rep:

rep = rep + 1

add 1 to rep

increment rep

++rep

next rep

Lookup time for an element in a link list is equal to number of elements in list. Hence linear, like a linear equation: t = n. Compare that to lookup in a tree which is logarithmic: t = log2 n.

I like Internet Explorer and also Mozilla Firefox.

Mozilla Firefox is the one you want to get though because it runs much faster than Internet Explorer and it is just a better browser overall. You can personalize it with personas and much more.

Another popular, stable and very fast browser is Opera

UTF-8 is a variable-length text encoding scheme. Standard ASCII characters are represented by a single byte with a value in the range 0 to 127 (0x00 through 0x7F). Bit-7, the most significant bit, is never used in standard ASCII and is always zero in 8-bit encodings. Bit-7 can be used to signify one of 128 characters in the extended ASCII character set, however this set of characters depends on which code page is currently in use, and limits the total number of character representations to 256. To overcome this limit, UTF-8 uses bit-7 to signify that a multi-byte character follows.

The most-significant bits are used to determine how many continuation bytes will follow the leading byte:

0xxxxxxx -- one-byte standard 7-bit ASCII character

110xxxxx -- two-byte UTF-8 character

1110xxxx -- three-byte UTF-8 character

11110xxx -- four-byte UTF-8 character

Each of the continuation bytes take the form 10xxxxxx. This ensures a clear distinction between standard ASCII characters, leading bytes and continuation bytes. Note that the number of high-order 1 bits in the leading byte can also be used to determine how many bytes are used to represent a UTF-8 character code, including the leading byte (two for two-byte encodings, three for three-byte encodings and four for four-byte encodings).

Multi-byte UTF-8 encodings have to be decoded to produce a 24-bit code point:

2-bytes: 0x000080 through 0x0007FF

3-bytes: 0x000800 through 0x00FFFF

4-bytes: 0x010000 through 0x10FFFF

These code points map to code points in the UNICODE character set (UTF-8 is often mistaken for UNICODE for this reason).

As a result of the encoding method, certain bit sequences become invalid under UTF-8. For instance, any bit sequence with 11111xxx in the leading byte is invalid because it does not match any of the UTF-8 leading byte configurations. Similarly, any continuation byte of the form 0xxxxxxx or 11xxxxxx is invalid. However, there are older UTF-8 specifications that use some of these sequences.

Some applications (including Windows Notepad) add a byte-order mark (BOM) at the start of the file, even though this is unnecessary in UTF-8 encoding (the high-order byte always comes first). If a BOM is present, the first three characters will be 0xEF, 0xBB and 0xBF. These will translate to three garbage characters in applications that do not take account of the BOM. Many programmers mistakenly believe it is impossible to reliably detect UTF-8 without testing for a leading BOM which is not the case at all. A simple search through multi-byte sequences to ensure their validity is enough to validate the encoding. Even if randomly generated, the chances of finding 7 valid UTF-8 encodings is lower than the chance that the first three random character form a UTF-8 BOM.

To sum up, either the file is (pseudo) randomly-generated and just happens to have a UTF-8 BOM at the beginning, or the file was encoded using an older UTF-8 specification. If the file is valid, a text editor that supports these older encodings should help you determine which encoding was used. UTF-8 files used by websites must contain a plain-text ASCII header which will tell you precisely how the remainder of the file was encoded. If no such header exists then it is not UTF-8 encoded, it's either UNICODE (in which case the BOM will indicate which encoding was used) or it is standard ASCII. If the latter, the data may include extended ASCII encodings but you'd need to know which code page was used to generate the data in order to decode it correctly. It's not possible to determine this from encoding alone, but the code page should be included in the header. If not, the file should be treated as being corrupt.