Consumer Electronics

Ummmmmmmm Not sure. I think it might have been a gye named david.

Although there are many filter types and ways to implement them, here's an active low-pass filter that's greatly simplified if R1=R2 and the op amp stage is a unity gain follower (RB=short and RA=open). Designing a 2-pole Butterworth filter requires just a few steps. 1. Choose a cutoff frequency fo (Hz). As an example, select fo=10 kHz to reduce a noise signal at 50 kHz and pass your desired signals below 5 kHz. 2. Pick a convenient cap value C2 between 100pF and 0.1 uF. Suppose you've got plenty of 1000pF caps in stock, select this value for C2. 3. Make C1 = 2 x C2 C1 = 2 · C2 = 2000pF 4. Calculate R1 = R2 = 0.707 / (2 · π · fo · C2) R1 = R2 = 0.707 / (2 · π · 10kHz · 1000pF) = 11.2 K ohms ......Rajiv......(scet)

micro farad

The phase shift from input to output is 180 degrees, which is just another way of saying the signal is flipped in polarity. What the phase shift means is that as the input starts going positive, the output starts going negative. The phase shift is due to how the device works in that configuration. Let's say it's operating in class A where the device is never cut off or reaches saturation during a full cycle of the input. The base is static biased to have the device running in the middle of its operating curve. It idles as some nominal value of Ic and awaits an input signal. When the voltage on the input starts to go positive, the device is forward biased even more than it was at idle. As forward bias increases, collector current increases. That's how the device works. Turn it on more, and more current flows through it. As collector current increases, collector voltage decreases. There's the key. Increasing base voltage causes increasing collector current and decreases collector voltage. Increasing base voltage causes decreasing collector voltage. And the opposite is true. That's it in a nutshell. Common emitter configurations phase shift signals by 180 degrees. And now you know how they do it.

the point of input voltage at which Q1 begins to conduct

UJT is the voltage controlled device.in which only one mejority carriers are responsible for current flowing. UJT is one junction transistor and it is three terminal emitter and two base.

BJT is the current controlled device. in which both mejority and minority carrier are responsiblefor current flowing. this type of transistor consists of two junction and three terminal these are : emitter , base , collector.

A MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) can be used INSTEAD of a BJT (bypolar junction transistor, so transistor is redundant in your question), if the circuit in question is modified to allow it and the MOSFET is chosen appropriately. BJT's will usually have a higher intrinsic gain, but have lower input resistance. Also a BJT in general will work better at higher frequencies than a MOSFET (unless you choose a high frequency MOSFET) due to the capacitive nature of MOSFETs.

When used as a switch, a transistor is usually driven completely on (saturation) or completely off (cutoff). There are a few kinds of switching circuits though (e.g. ECL) that avoid saturation/cutoff to obtain faster speed, these operate on a fixed constant current and switch it through one of two transistors.

When used as an amplifier it is biased so that it operates in a linear, or near-linear, part of its characteristic curve so that the output faithfully copies the input.

A UV air purifier along with a HEPA and carbon filter will help clean the air, not only from airborne particles and smoke, but also from germs.

The UV light is normally added to combat/kill floating fungus and bacteria. If you live in a damp place (near swamp, leaking pipe etc) you'll probably be inhaling spores from molds. This is where a UV light air purifier would be useful.

One of the best known UV air purifier is the Alen A375UV

ratio of secondry voltage to primary voltage is called voltage transformation ratio

A diode is basically a PN junction device. P type semiconductors are rich in holes while N types are rich in electrons. (Rich means majority carriers here, which are found in the outer shell of atoms).

Thus at the junction of this P and N type material, electrons and holes will combine resulting in a deficiency of charge carriers. This is termed the depletion region.

When you attach the negative terminal of a battery to the N end of the diode and the positive terminal to the P end, the electrons will be repelled towards the junction and holes too will move towards the junction region, making it thin (narrow) (Further increase in voltage will make current to pass through). The opposite occurs when they are connected the other way. The region becomes thin.

For normal operations, zener diodes are connected in reverse (diodes usually are connected reversely unless you want drop some voltage) the depletion layer widens, as described above. But at a certain reverse voltage, the zener starts to conduct suddenly. This is called avalanche/breakdown voltage. How the layer becomes thin (if at all, seems improbable) when they are reverse connected, I do not know.

Logic Gates are electronic building blocks of a digital system.

Their physical manifestation may take any form, but essentially a logic gate consists of a collection of binary digits and a set of rules where such digits are combined to give a resulting set of binary digits.

The rules that are implemented by logic gate are of the fundamental Boolean Algebraic Operations.

Logic gates may be coupled together so that digital input to a system produces a predetermined digital output. It is a logical set of rules. The concept of digital information flowing into a system through an electronic pathway coveys a perception that gave someone the idea of a gate when this was named long ago.

The Instrumentation Technology, being an inter-disciplinary branch of engineering, is heading towards development of new & intelligent sensors, smart transducers, MEMS Technology, Blue tooth Technology. The automation systems in the production are rapidly being enhanced and the demand for highly skilled instrumentation engineers is on the rise. In the instrumentation systems manufacturing sector, the demand for well trained process control engineering graduates is always present. This BE (IT) course provides Instrumentation students with sound theoretical & practical training in the operation and design of electronic instruments, digital logic systems, and computer based automatic process control & instrumentation, & automatic control system design, etc. To meet the industrial requirements of future, students are also made to become well versed with personal computer applications in Instrumentation, Process Control Systems Design, PLCs, DSP Architecture & Design, Microprocessors and Microcontroller System Design & Experimentation, Industrial Electronics & Applications.

Between 0.5 - 0.9 amps (not including the energy for the light bulbs) depending on the make and model.

ohm

bcause amplification factor beta is usually ranges from 20-500 hence this configuration gives appericiable current gain as well as voltage gain at its output on the other hand in the Common Collector configuration has very high input resistance(~750 kilo ohm) & very low output resistance(~25 ohm) so the voltage gain is always less than one & its most important application is for impedance matching for drivingh from low impedance load to high impedance source

Not better but its power transfer is certainly better

Calculating the appropriate tonnage (cooling capacity) for an air conditioner is essential to ensure that the unit effectively cools the desired space. The tonnage required depends on factors such as the room's size, insulation, climate, and heat-generating sources. The British Thermal Units (BTUs) are commonly used to measure cooling capacity. Here's a general guideline for calculating the required tonnage:

1.Determine the Room's Square Footage: Measure the length and width of the room in feet, then multiply these dimensions to get the square footage. For example, a room that is 20 feet long and 15 feet wide has a square footage of 20 x 15 = 300 square feet.

2. Consider the Insulation: If the room is well-insulated, you can use the following BTU formula:

BTUs = Square footage x 25

3. Adjust for Insulation and Climate: If the room has poor insulation or is in a particularly hot climate region, you may need to adjust the BTU calculation. Here's a more detailed formula:

BTUs = (Square footage x 25) + (Extra BTUs for insulation and climate)

The "Extra BTUs for insulation and climate" factor depends on the insulation quality and climate conditions:

• Well-insulated room: No extra BTUs needed (0)
• Average insulation: Add 10% to the calculated BTUs
• Poor insulation: Add 20% to the calculated BTUs
• Hot climate (sunny and above 90°F): Add 10% to the calculated BTUs
• Very hot climate (sunny and above 100°F): Add 20% to the calculated BTUs

4. Account for Heat-Generating Sources: If the room has significant heat sources (such as large windows, many occupants, or heat-generating appliances), you may need to add extra BTUs to compensate for this heat load. The exact adjustment depends on the specific heat sources present in the room.

5. Convert BTUs to Tons: Air conditioner capacity is typically measured in tons. To convert BTUs to tons, divide the calculated BTUs by 12,000 (1 ton = 12,000 BTUs). For example, if the calculated BTUs are 24,000, the required tonnage is 24,000 / 12,000 = 2 tons.

It's essential to use these calculations as a starting point and consult with a professional HVAC technician to ensure that the air conditioner is correctly sized for your specific needs. Factors such as the number of occupants, local climate, and unique room characteristics can influence the tonnage requirement. Oversized or undersized air conditioners can lead to inefficiency, discomfort, and higher energy bills.

perl- Practical Extraction and Report Language

Ammeters have a low impedance, so if they are incorrectly connected in parallel to your load instead of in series, more current will flow through the circuit and the ammeter will almost act like a short. There is potential to burn our the ammeter.

Four 9v batteries connected in a parallel will still emit 9 volts because you are not increasing the voltage, you are increasing the life. To increase the voltage of four 9v batteries, you must connect them in a series; that series will emit 9v X 4(batteries), which equals 36 volts.

POSITIVE and NEGATIVE are Direct Current (DC) terms In Alternating Current (AC) terms it is: HOT-LEG (brass colored screw) and NEUTRAL (silver colored screw) On polarized plugs 120volts, the larger prong is the neutral