Dams

• Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard.
• The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable.
• The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed.
• People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.
• The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth's surface at its location.
• Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding.
• Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighboring countries.
• Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from 'rising damp' caused by the changing water table level

• Hydro powerdams can damage the surrounding environment and alter the quality of the water by creating low dissolved oxygen levels, which impacts fish and the surrounding ecosystems. They also take up a great deal of space and can impose on animal, plant, and even human environments.

• Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundments dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
• Hydro powercan impact water quality and flow. Hydro power plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydro power installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.
• Hydro power plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the hydro power plants can't produce electricity.
• New hydro power facilities impact the local environment and may compete with other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat. Local cultures and historical sites may be flooded. Some older hydro power facilities may have historic value, so renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.
• By 2020, it is projected that the percentage of power obtained from hydro power dams will decrease to around four percent because no new plants are in the works, and because more money is being invested in other alternative energy sources such as solar power and wind power.
• � dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature's work

� dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish� dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish� dams have endangered some species of fish� dams may have inundated the potential for archaeological findings� reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly maintained� reservoir water can evaporate significantly� some researchers believe that reservoirs can cause earthquakes� the reservoir created by the dam may inundate land, crops, cities and villages� people may be displaced by the reservoir and have to find new homes� the reservoir may cause instability of the hillsides

• � Effect on water resources as precipitation and evaporation may change
• 1) Expensive to build and maintain - most dams can be very expensive to build, and even more expensive to maintain. Every dam has a design life. What happens when the design life of the dam expires? Nobody wants to pay to retrofit the dam, but they just want it to keep working forever.

  2) Endagering to many wildlife species - while some species of wildlife thrive in a reservoir environment, most are affected in a negative way. Creative (...and expensive) solutions usually need to be engineered to minimize the effect on the wildlife

(Case Study) By Lewis Ian Latham from Knowsley Park CFL.
The 3 Gorges Dam is the largest of its kind in Asia and located on the Yangzte River. The power created from this dam supplies China one tenth of their requirements which is a great deal as it is more than 3x larger than the UK alone. The people protected from this dam have risen over the years to above 2 million civilians, the power is clean which helps ecosystems, wildlife and air purity (a big problem in China)
However.... Over 2 million civilians were therefore displaced and had to move many miles to relocate mainly travelling to Chongqing. Both land slides and Earthquakes have been triggered from this dam as the water fluctuates over 30m annually so the flow can be maintained to protect the rural area. The weight from the dam puts pressure on the ground below and continues on to trigger earthquakes throughout the local areas. Behind every dam ever created can be found a resevoir, the one located behind the 3 Gorges is VERY LONG and DEEP. Over 100 Heritage Sites were lost and 13 Cities, 140 towns, 1300 villages, 1500 factories and 100,000 acres of land were submerged by the resevoir....

Currently the world's largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and Paraguay in South America.

Though it isn't finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.

Relevant links can be found below.

1. Forty thousand builders will work for 16 years to complete Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River.

2. The dam will benefit some two million Chinese by controlling flooding on the lower Yangtze River, generating hydroelectric power, and reducing pollution caused by the burning of coal.

3. The dam may also cause problems, such as causing flooding upstream, possibly causing an earthquake, displacing people, eliminating tourist trade to the area, and destroying important archaeological artifacts. Dai Qing. M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1998. If built according to plan, Three Gorges will become the world's largest dam, submerging 13 cities, 140 towns, and 1,352 villages and requiring the resettlement of 1.9 million people. The dam will also bury hundreds of archeological sites, put several highly endangered species in jeopardy, and forever deface the magnificent beauty of the Three Gorges Region. Dai Qing, a woman investigative journalist and author with a wide following in China and abroad, has assembled this collection of essays assessing the impact of Three Gorges.

The Nullarbor Links is an 18-hole par 72 golf course in Australia that spans 1,365 kilometers with one hole in each participating town or roadhouse along the Eyre Highway, from Kalgoorlie in Western Australia to Ceduna in South Australia.

HOWEVER the longest contiguous golf course in the world is the Jade Dragon Golf Club in Lijiang, China, for a total yardage of 8,450.

yes there are many dams and some reservoirs too.