Digestive System

Yes, the process of synthesizing proteins from amino acids, known as translation, does require an input of energy in the form of ATP. Energy is needed to form peptide bonds between the amino acids, translocate the ribosome along the mRNA, and properly fold the resulting protein.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down vesicles and other cellular components. These enzymes help with digestion and recycling of cellular materials.

When alcohol and barbiturates are ingested, they are absorbed from the GI tract and transported first to the liver before circulating to the rest of the body. In the liver, these substances are metabolized before being distributed through the bloodstream to the brain and other organs. This process can affect central nervous system function and lead to intoxication or sedation.

Salivary amylase breaks down starches into sugars. Starch is, technically, a polysaccharide or a polymer of sugar, but most people don't consider starch to be a sugar. No sugars are digested by any salivary enzyme.

When food is attractively presented, it can enhance your appetite and trigger the release of digestive enzymes in anticipation of eating. This physiological response can aid in the digestion process and make it easier for the body to break down the food. Conversely, unappetizing food may not stimulate this physiological response as effectively, potentially leading to slower digestion.

The stomach contains enzymes that break down protein.

Telomerase enzymes are not found in food. Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced by the body and is involved in maintaining the length of telomeres, which are protective caps at the end of chromosomes. Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health and possibly help in maintaining telomere length.

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in the digestive process. Islets of Langerhans, on the other hand, secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels in the body.

Proteins on the inner side of the lysosomal membrane are protected from digestion by having specific signal sequences that prevent their recognition by lysosomal enzymes. These signal sequences act as a sort of "shield" that allows the proteins to be targeted to specific locations within the cell or recycled back to the cytoplasm. Additionally, chaperone proteins may assist in maintaining the correct folding and conformation of these proteins to avoid degradation.

No, bile salts do not function as digestive enzymes. Instead, bile salts help to emulsify fats (break them down into smaller droplets) in the small intestine, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats by increasing their surface area for pancreatic lipase to act on.

Pepsin is an enzyme released by the chief cells in the stomach. It helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides. Pepsin is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach.

Wharton's duct is a tubular structure that empties the submaxillary salivary gland - located underneath your lower jaw - to the space just under your tongue around the area where it is connected to the bottom of your mouth by the lingual frenum. Sometimes you can develop a salivary stone (similar to a kidney stone) in these ducts that must be removed by an oral surgeon.

The digestive system is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste from the body.

SALIVA

The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These enzymes are released into the small intestine to help break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Bile does not directly break down proteins and amino acids. Its main function is to emulsify fats in the small intestine, aiding in their digestion and absorption. Proteins and amino acids are primarily broken down by enzymes produced by the pancreas and small intestine.

No, not all enzymes are made of fatty acids. Enzymes are primarily composed of proteins, which are made up of amino acids. Fatty acids are molecules that typically serve as a source of energy or as building blocks for other molecules in the body.

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers-proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

Carbohydrase enzymes are produced in the salivary glands and in the pancreas. These enzymes help break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars for absorption in the small intestine.

Yes, unicellular organisms are capable of performing all of these functions independently because they consist of just one cell that can carry out various life processes on its own. They can respire by exchanging gases through their cell membrane, ingest and digest food within their single cell, excrete waste products, and reproduce through binary fission or other forms of asexual reproduction.

Cells get water through osmosis and nutrients through diffusion.

Yes, acids in the stomach play a vital role in defense by helping to kill harmful bacteria and pathogens that may enter the body through food or water. The low pH of stomach acid creates an inhospitable environment for many microbes, helping to prevent infections and overall contribute to the body's immune response.

The small cavity within the cytoplasm of an amoeba that stores food is called a food vacuole. This structure helps the amoeba digest and break down food particles for energy.

highly specific in their substrate recognition and catalytic action. Enzymes usually recognize specific substrates based on their chemical structure, and their activity is tailored to that particular substrate. In this case, the enzyme that digests starch is not designed to interact with sucrose due to differences in their chemical structures.

Proteolytic enzymes will destroy the cells that produced them if they are produced in an active form. To protect the body's own cells these enzymes are secreted in an inactive form into the digestive tract and activated where they are needed.