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Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism.

23,056 Questions

Where does the maximum bending moment occur?

Picture a beam cantilevered out from a wall with a weight hung off the outer end. The place it would need to resist bending the most is right next to the wall

How you differentiate between single phase and three phase transformer?

A single-phase transformer works with a single-phase supply, while a 3-phase transformer is used with a 3-phase supply.

A single-phase transformer has 2 wires on the primary and secondary (ignoring taps) while a 3-phase tansformer has 3 or 4 wires on the primary and secondary.

What happen to 440v motor running at 480v?

Depends on the motor. If it is a synchronous motor it will run too fast.

Rms value of sum of two sine waves?

question is not clear. RMS is .707 of peak. If you're asking about sums of currents or voltages represented by sine waves and they don't have the same frequency then the sum's RMS value is the square root of the sum of the squared amplitudes of the two waves. The squared amplitudes are proportional to the power in each current or voltage and the result represents the sum of the powers.

If the two sine waves have the same frequency then the sum's RMS value is the sum of the two RMS values. The physical circuit has to add power to the signal. (if the amplitudes are equal the resultant will have 4 times the power)

Where might a step-down transformer be used?

Step-down transformer is used at grid substations for feeding various substations which further step down the voltage for feeding distributing transformers and further step down transformers are used to supply the voltage for the consumer uses

Define voltage in electrical?

Voltage (of a circuit) as defined in the NEC: n. The greatest root-mean-square(rms) (effective) difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit concerned. Voltage as defined by Webster's: n. Electromotive force or potential difference, usually expressed in volts.

How do you calculate hp to amps in 3 phase suply 415 volt?

One horsepower electric is 746 watts. Divide that by 415 to get amps, giving about 1.8. Divide that further by 3 because it is three phase power, giving about 0.6. Divide that further by power factor to compensate for apparent versus true power caused by reactance, say about 0.8, giving about 0.75.

What is principle construction and working of solar cell?

Photovoltaic Cells: Converting Photons to ElectronsThe solar cells that you see on calculators andsatellites are photovoltaic cells or modules (modules are simply a group of cells electrically connected and packaged in one frame). Photovoltaic, as the word implies (photo = light, voltaic = electricity), convert sunlight directly into electricity. Once used almost exclusively in space, photovoltaics are used more and more in less exotic ways. They could even power your house. How do these devices work? Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally. For example, the current can power a calculator. This current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce. That's the basic process, but there's really much more to it. Let's take a deeper look into one example of a PV cell: the single-crystal silicon cell.

What is the sensitivity in load cell?

A load cell is an electronic device (transducer) that is used to convert a force into an electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells of one or two strain gauges are also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few millivolts and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it can be used. The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force applied to the transducer.

Sensitivity (mV/V) = Full Scale Output (mV) / Excitation Voltage (V)

mV = milli Volt

V = Volts

Standard sensitivities are 2 mV/V and 3 mV/V

Example:

For a load cell with 10V excitation has 20 mV full scale output, sensitivity is 20mV / 10V i.e. 2mV/V.

What is a current-carrying wire?

A wire with some resistance and a voltage applied to it

The amount of current I passing this wire is V/R

Is voltage drop means lost of voltage?

Voltage drop means reduction of voltage.

Additional Answer

According to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop within a circuit must equal the value of the supply voltage. So, no, a voltage drop is not a 'lost' voltage, as the circuit's supply voltage is accounted for when you add up all the voltage drops (including any internal voltage drop within the source itself).

What the function of time base in an oscilloscope?

The time base of an oscilloscope is used to increase or decrease the time per division value on the Y-axis ranging from few tens of seconds to micro seconds to nanoseconds used for microwave signals.If you increase the time base of an oscilloscope lesser and lesser part of the signal will be present in one division of the Y-axis. Setting the time base to a proper value will enable you to see high frequency signals clearly otherwise each cycle of the signal would be indistinguishable from the other huehue

What is cogging and crawling in case of 3 phase induction machines?

CoggingInduction motors have a series of slots in the stator and in the rotor. These slots should not be equal in number because if they are, there is a good chance that the motor will not start at all due to a characteristic known as cogging. The slots will align like a stepper motor.

For this reason, there are an unequal number of slots in the rotor and in the stator, but there can still be situations where the slot frequencies coincide with harmonic frequencies and this can cause torque modulations. The slots are skewed to keep an overlap on all slots to reduce this problem.

CrawlingAnother characteristic of induction motors, is crawling. There are harmonic fluxes developed in the gap due to the magnetics of the motor. These harmonics create additional torque fields. A common problem is with the seventh harmonic where the seventh harmonic creates a forward rotating torque field at one seventh of the synchronous speed. There will be a maximum torque just below 1/7 Ns and if this is high enough, the net torque can be higher than the torque due to the line frequency where at 1/7 Ns, the slip is high. This can cause the motor to crawl at just below 1/7 synchronous speed.

There is another crawl speed at 1/13 Ns.

How do you calculate service factor of a motor?

The motor's manufacturer is the one who decides how much overloading can be done to their product. As different motors are wound for different applications the motor's engineering department decides what the specifications of each motor type should be. The most common service factor is 1.15. On the motor's nameplate it will be shown as SF 1.15.

How do you convert a 3-phase power supply to a single phase supply?

The simplest answer is that the electric utility uses a transformer across 2 of the 3 hot leads to develop a single hot lead with an earth reference. What follows below is frequently edited by both amateurs and professionals, with mixed results. Wikipedia is a better source of more detailed information on this subject, in part because the article on three phase power has pictures.

How a diesel generator start?

It work on principle based on the Faradays Law of Electro Magnetic Induction.Whenever Conductor cuts a magnetic flux an Electromagnetic Force is induced on the conductor causing a current flow trough it.

How are voltage stabilizers installed?

The website Ehow has detailed instructions on how to install a voltage stabilizer. It is installed into an existing circuit to protect a component from receiving more voltage than it can handle.

Can you replace a transformer with an input rating of 120VAC 60Hz 12W and output rating of 12vdc 500mA with one that has an input rating of 120vac 60hz 25w and an output rating of 12VDC 1A?

Yes, you can. Here's why.

If a supply's output is rated at 12 volts DC (12 VDC) and 500 milliamperes (500mA), it can deliver a maximum of 500mA at the 12 volt rating. You want to use a 12VDC supply that is rated at 1A (1000mA). That means that the supply is capable of delivering up to 1A at 12VDC. Now the crux of the matter.

Your device, that's the load on the supply, needs 12VDC to operate. Your replacement supply is rated at 12VDC. No problem. Your supply delivered a max of 500mA. That does NOT mean that your load, that thing you're powering up, actually uses all 500mA. Your load knows how much current it needs to draw. Your supply has to be rated for more than that. Your supply was rated at 500mA. It worked well. The supply you wish to use will deliver a max of 1A (1000mA). It will easily supply the current your load will use. Oh, and the polarity of the new supply must be the same as that of the old one. That's pretty obvious. Always be safe and consult an electronics specialist for electrical questions. There are a number of savvy folks working at consumer electrical outlets who can get you up to speed.

What are the applications of gray code?

Gray code is useful because only one bit changes at a time. When used as encoders for a position sensor, for instance, if the sensor were right at the edge of a change boundary, there is uncertainty as to position. Binary code would introduce variable uncertainty in position, because more than one bit can change at a time, but gray code would reduce that uncertainty to being only one bit position in size.

Which can prevent a circuit from overloading?

In most appliances the single thing that prevents an overload is the fuse. In modern electronics there are various devices that can be used for power management which can limit the current drawn by reducing the load voltage. see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_limiting

What is the use of back to back test in transformer?

Back to back test give data for finding the regulation , efficiency and heating under load condition. Back to back test is performed in the presence of two identical transformer. In this test one transformer remains open and other remains loaded. Hence sumpner's back to back test is generalised form of o/c test and s/c test which is performed within one test only. Hence from this test we find core loss and full load copper loss simultaneously at a time.

Should a neutral line be fused?

While I can't offer uber-technical reason, some commen sense reasons jump to mind: 1. if the device being protected shorts to ground, then a fuse on the neutral side would not blow, thus not protecting the device and wiring. 2. it's better sense to put the fuse as close to the main power as possible, like to a main breaker or meter, so that if the fuse does have to blow, more line is unenergized, decreasing the likely hood of further equipment damage or even personal injury. 3. if the fuse is on the neutral side and it blows, how do you know which device made the fuse blow? trouble shooting is more complicated as you have to test more devices. 4. with my limited understanding of multi phase power, the total current 'seen' through the neutral is often less than the current through each phase, so the device that fails could do much more damage by having to blow a fuse on the neutral side. note: reason 4 is up for debate as I'm not sure I'm correct, it's only what I have understood from some reading.

What two types of AC generators or motors are there?

- Attend go-sees, fittings, and castings.

- Participate in photoshoots and fashion shows;

- Travel to locations for shoots.

- Meet with agent.

- Spend time in hair and makeup for bookings.

How many wires are there in 120 volt single phase power and how are they marked?

Verify wiring layouts by making measurements, before connecting and/or energizing equipment. A 120V single phase 2 wire should have one hot wire, a 230V single phase 2 wire should be assumed to have two hot wires, and a 230V single phase 3 wire also should have two hot wires.

What is the difference between voltage series and current series feedback amplifier?

I assume a series of amplifiers with one F/B The F/B is the portion of voltage/current F/B from input to output no matter how many amplifiers are in series within the loop or what the gain of each one is.