Electronics Engineering

A closed loop control system is a set of mechanical or electronic devices that automatically regulates a process variable to a desired state or set point without human interaction. Closed loop control systems contrast with open loop control systems, which require manual input.

block diagram

Digital signals allow error-correction to be encoded into the signal thus ensuring high-quality transmissions over a much greater distance than would be possible with analog transmissions.

Digital signals have a much higher rate of transmission, with fibre optic providing the optimum transmission rate.

Digital signals use less bandwidth, thus allowing a greater number of independent transmission channels over a given band of frequencies with no cross-talk between channels.

Digital signals can interleave audio, video and data in the same signal. This is what makes it possible to access the internet through your telephone line and make voice calls at the same time.

Digital signals are easier to encrypt.

That depends how they are connected. For example, if they are connected in series, just add the individual resistances.

Type your answer here... As per the definition of capacitor it is a device which made up of dielectric material in between two parallel metal plates. Even two metal plates placed parallel in open area will result in capacitance since air is also dielectric in nature..

Assuming that the voltage between two nodes are the same, current changes with branches. If you add branches, this means the current will be divided, depending on the resistance strength. Greater the resistance, the lower the current. If there is no resistance, it will end up in a short circuit, getting all the current. If there is great resistance, there will be very little current passing.

Mathematically, V=I*R is the formula. If you know the voltage between two nodes, you can calculate the currency (I) in each branch and for the whole nodes by putting in the particular resistance value for the branch or the whole nodes.

A transistor has three leads, called the base, the collector, and the emitter. The voltage of the base (in relation to the ground) determines whether and how much current flows from the collector to the emitter. An NPN transistor can be off, meaning that there is no (or very little) voltage from the base; partly on, meaning that there is some voltage from the base; or saturated, meaning that it is receiving full voltage from the base. A saturated transistor allows the current to flow from the collector to the emitter unopposed; a partly on transistor provides some resistance; and a transistor that is off provides full resistance. A PNP transistor is similar to an NPN transistor except it performs the opposite function: when it is saturated, the current is fully resisted; when there is no voltage from the base, the current is not at all resisted; and when it is partly on there is some resistance.

In sum, a transistor controls the flow between the collector and the emitter based upon the voltage of the base. this is carbage. a transistor is basicaly two diodes back to back base being common TO BOTH DIODES because of inpurity doping on purpose at the depletion region the transistor will control the current flow on the other diode. Once it reaches saturation both diodes conduct therefore current can flow in BOTH DIRECTIONS ACROSS IT.

Use the symbols "I" for current, "E" for voltage, "R" for resistance.

One of the forms in which Ohm's Law can be written is:

I = E / R.

Applying this equation to the question:

I = 5 / 8 = 0.625 Ampere = 625 milliamperes

The strobe pin on the LM311 is used to disable the output, so that multiple 311's can be ganged together, with only one being turned on at a time. It is also used to adjust the balance of the device.

We know that electrons are the majority carriers in n type semiconductor and holes are the majority carriers in p type semiconductor. The conductivity of n type is more than p type semiconductor due to mobility of electrons is higher than that of holes.

Electrolytic capacitor are used in dc power supplies to filter ac ripple .

The rectifier turns ac in to pulsating dc and with a capacitor across the output it holds a charge and so pulsating dc never goes down to zero..

Salunke pratik

sigma institute of engineering .vadodara

The wire will get hot, the temperature it gets up to will depend on the ampere of the battery and size of wire. The wire can get hot enough to causes burns or start a fire if the battery is large enough. Why this happens is because you have shorted the battery out. The power comes out of the positive post and back in the negative post. When you short it out the power can flow from one post to the other very quickly causing the short to get hot, due to the amount of flow.

If you are talking DC voltage:

1 billion volts at 10 nano amperes is 10 watts.

1 million volts at 10 micro amperes is 10 watts.

1 thousand volts at 10 milli amperes is 10 watts.

1 volt at 10 amperes is 10 watts.

So, it depends. You're comparing power to potential, which cannot be directly compared without more information (the amperage).

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The two main reasons are (1) the ease and efficiency by which a.c. voltages can be changed, using transformers, and (2) the ease and efficiency by which a.c. can be changed into d.c., using rectifiers.

What is the wavering tone warning signal alerts the base

A transformer is a device to convert high voltage AC to low voltage AC & vice-versa. It works on the principle of induction. Since induction occurs only in an AC supply, a transformer cannot work on DC.. So, it is not possible to convert DC supply to AC using transformer. You would need an inverter to convert DC to AC.

With today's auto-ranging meters, you might well ask why. Today meters do that for you, and you might see it happening on some of them.

In older meters, analog types in particular, you had to start with a higher range to be sure you didn't peg the meter measuring say, 220 volts when on the 10 volt scale. Lots of meters where toasted this way, their needles bent, or fuses blown by overcurrent. On higher ranges, the meter would deflect slightly, indicating there was voltage there, but not enough to get a accurate reading. So you scale down until hopefully you get a reading somewhere in mid scale, where the most accurate reading can be made.

So the use was to protect the meter from damage, and provide the most accurate reading possible from an analog meter.

For analog application that need swinging signal from positive to negative that will not work for you. But for DC applications where signal is always positive (or negative) that will be ok to exchange the capacitors with no harm to your circuit.

Hope that will help you,

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Doping a semiconductor provides additional charge carriers to the material. The dopant atoms are easily ionized, and this provides the semiconductor with either free electrons in the conduction band or electron vacancies (or holes) in the valence band, both of which allow the semiconductor to conduct electricity.

Diodes come in so many different types and uses. Your statement does hold true to a certain point. They are highly valued for their diverse applications. The zener diode which is the rare exception because this semiconductor is usually reverse biased ( installed backwards) to function in the circuit. These were primarily designed to be voltage regulators available in a wide variety of voltages and types. In Engineering terms this operates in the avalanche region (reversed). All other types would run forward biased (in conduction). The anode is the positive end and the cathode negative.

It is possible with an ohmmeter usually the can has a tab signify emitter. some plastics devices have the emitter on the right lead looking at the flat part. using an ohmmeter you may check for the two diodes inside.