Electronics Engineering

FM signals can be detected using a frequency discriminator or a phase-locked loop (PLL) demodulator. The frequency discriminator converts the frequency variations of the FM signal into amplitude variations, which can then be amplified and filtered to recover the original audio signal. In a PLL, the incoming FM signal is compared to a locally generated signal, allowing for the extraction of the original information by tracking the phase differences. Both methods enable effective retrieval of the modulating audio or data signal from the FM carrier.

The term "Boolean" is derived from George Boole. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole

Capacitors may be connected in series to provide a capacitance with an effective

working voltage higher than that of any of the individual units, (but the effective

capacitance is less than that of any individual.)

Capacitors may be connected in parallel to provide an effective capacitance value

greater than that of any of the individual units, (but working voltage is equal to

the lowest among the individuals).

A full adder has three inputs - A, B, and CarryIn from the prior stage. It generates a Result and a Carryout with the truth table...

ABC-RC

000-00

001-10

010-10

011-01

100-10

101-01

110-01

111-11

The adder can be a ripple adder, in which the propogation delay depends on the carry "rippling" through the logic, or it can be a look-ahead-carry type, which has constant propagation delay time, at the expense of more logic.

The question should be, "How should electrical current measured?"

Current is measured in Amperes using an Ammeter placed in series with the conductor of the current. This is impractical, so most ammeters have windings of wire that pick up the field generated around the conductor in question. This winding, or coil, is very carefully sized and the meter very carefully calibrated to yield correct readings of current without a direct connection.

It is an amplifier that has no gain or a gain of one mainly used for isolation .

Capacitance is measured in farads (F), after Michael Faraday. A 1 farad cap is really big; capacitors are usually measured in microfarads (µF), or thousandths of a farad. A power supply in a big power amplifier might have two caps of maybe 12,000 microfarads each

we can't use dc everywhere because dc is hazardous for living beings plus we can't transform mechanical energy into dc power directly.

you can see that we use basically ac appliances at home,also dc but with very low voltages. ac is alternating in nature has zero and negative so if any one get in contact with ac it will result in hazard for the half positive cycle and repelling of body for the negative cycle. but in case of dc, the supply is continuous so it'll hazard the body continuously.

another aspect is generation. as i told earlier that we can't transform mechanical energy into dc power directly means we are generating ac supply in most generating stations where we are dealing with mechanical energy conversion. even dc generator generates ac power but by means of commutation process we convert it into the dc.

so it is not possible to use dc or ac everywhere. we have to deal with the both :)

The Ammeter XD

HERE'S AN EXAMPLE:

IF THE POLARITY IS BACKWARDS AT A LIGHT FIXTURE THEN THE HOT (120VOLTS) WILL BE THE OUTSIDE OF THE LIGHT BULB SCREW SHELL AND THE MIDDLE PRONG INSIDE THE SOCKET WILL BE THE NEUTRAL -- THEREFORE WHEN YOU CHANGE THE BURNT OUT LIGHT BULB YOU WILL GET SHOCKED BECAUSE THE SCREW SHELL PART IS HOT!! IF WIRED CORRECTLY YOU WILL NOT GET SHOCKED BECAUSE THE HOT (120VOLTS) WILL BE INSIDE THE SCREW SHELL ON THE PRONG AND YOU WON'T BE TOUCHING THAT PART WHEN YOU CHANGE THE LIGHT BULB!!

there are wristbands available that ground you, so any static electricity you generate is transferred away from you. Also, touching anything metal will discharge the electricity just like the wristband, however, and more you generate will be transferred to the computer component you are working with (which is where i believe you were going with this question)

To transmit a lot of electrical power, you either need a high voltage or a high current. But a higher current means your cables got hotter and you lose a lot of energy so is better to use higher voltage. To increase the voltage, we need to use a step up transformers.

Step up transformers are transformers which has ability to increase the voltage and they have more turns on the secondary coil on the primary coil.

A limit switch turns on or off when the object being sensed reaches a specific location.

A proximity sensor returns an analog signal indicating how far the object is from the sensor.

I=0.4 A

T=3hrs=10800 seconDs

i=q/t

q=It

q=0.4*10800

q=4320Coulomb

Georg Simon Ohm

German mathematician and physicist, began his important publications in 1825.

In his first paper published in 1825, Ohm examines the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. The paper deduced mathematical relationships based purely on the experimental evidence that Ohm had tabulated.

In two important papers in 1826, Ohm gave a mathematical description of conduction in circuits modelled on Fourier's study of heat conduction. These papers continue Ohm's deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The second paper certainly is the first step in a comprehensive theory which Ohm was able to give in his famous book published in the following year.

The net charge on n-type and p-type meterials is zero because the r formed by the combination of diferent chemists...

Yes , all conductors have some

amount of resistance although it

varies depending on the material

that is conducting the electricity .

Copper has a very low resistance,

and aluminum has a slightly

higher ( but still quite low )

resistance . This is why they are

used as electrical conductors.

Conductor resistance results in

voltage drop over the conductor

and power loss, manifested as

heating of the conductor .

Therefore , you want as low a

conductor loss as is reasonably

practical .

The reason of resistance is that,

no electron has a linear motion

when an electric field is applied to

it . e- move in random due to

apparent collision with other e -' s.

This motion is termed to as

Brownian motion . The random

movement however interrupts

with the electric field and creates

resistance sue to a negetive field

generated .

The number of electrons coming out of the positive end of the loop must be the same as

the number of electrons going into the negative end. If it isn't, then electrons had to be

created, or destroyed, or were injected, or leaked out, somewhere along the series loop.

As Professor Jones PhD of the Royal University of Malta's Department of Engineering and Science we have been conducting studies into the long term effects of licking a battery terminal to test for power as some people call it! Our Studies have proven that you are 87% more likely to die from a spontaneous static shock later in life. Other studies have shown that you are more likely to die from licking from a battery than being run over by a Double Decker bus in London. During our study we took a case study in the USA and 87 out of every 100 samples had signs of significant battery and electronic related defects. I URGE you as a professional NOT TO LICK BATTERIES or you will suffer consequences as we found out with the 85 out of the 100 sampled that spontaneously fell to the ground......this is SHOCKING isn't it!! J Jones Head of Direct Voltage Flow Studies, University of Malta

—Analog digital hybrid modulation seeks the ways to eliminate the incoherent quantization noise component in digital communication, instead of conveniently making it minimal.

A Programable Logic Controller is simply a small computer used to control some system such as garden watering systems. They are everywhere. The computer in microwave ovens, television sets, fridges etc are all PLCs. Generally the term is used to describe a computer that doesn't normally interact with a human but just controls something like those things listed above. There are many many more PLCs around the place than computers that humans comminicate with.

Its simple exclusive or gate b/e x, y (any thing a,b etc..) combined with another exclusive or gate of z. i was trying to past a pic...but this sheet does not allow.....

x----`````

! ! `----

y----```` -

----- `````

----- !! `------------

z--------------- `````

suppose if we apply 010 to xyz, then XOR of xy (01) is 1 then XOR of previsou 1 (xy) and z is again 1 which is output,....so to make even 1's we 'll add 1....

another example lets take input 101...then XOR of xy (10) is 1 and XOR with z (1 with Z) that is 1 and 1 is zero which means that input 1's are already even so no additional 1 is needed.