Java Programming

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A sarong is a piece of Javanese clothing that wraps around the body. Is that what you mean by 'wrap'?

Sort of joke (or figurative speech) of your teacher, the meaning is: programs with similar/related functionality. They are: interpreter, assembler.

Garbage collection prevents memory leaks. In Java, the Java Virtual Machine will garbage collect whenever there is memory that has no references.

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The easiest way to explain this is, as you suggest, by an example. So I'll give you an example.

Let's suppose I'm going to write a piece of software that students at a school can use to find out what their current grade is in all their classes. I structure the program so that a database of grades resides on the server, and the application resides on the client (the computer the student is physically interacting with).

When the student wants to know his grades, he manipulates my program (by clicking buttons, menu options, etc). The program fires off a query to the database, and the database responds with all the student's grades. Now my application uses all this data to calculate the student's grade, and displays it for him.

This is an example of a 2-tier architecture. The two tiers are:

1. Data server: the database serves up data based on SQL queries submitted by the application.

2. Client application: the application on the client computer consumes the data and presents it in a readable format to the student.

Now, this architecture is fine, if you've got a school with 50 students. But suppose the school has 10,000 students. Now we've got a problem. Why?

Because every time a student queries the client application, the data server has to serve up large queries for the client application to manipulate. This is an enormous drain on network resources.

So what do we do? We create a 3-tier architecture by inserting another program at the server level. We call this the server application. Now the client application no longer directly queries the database; it queries the server application, which in turn queries the data server.

What is the advantage to this? Well, now when the student wants to know his final grade, the following happens:

1. The student asks the client application.

2. The client application asks the server application.

3. The server application queries the data server.

4. The data server serves up a recordset with all the student's grades.

5. The server application does all the calculations to determine the grade.

6. The server application serves up the final grade to the client application.

7. The client application displays the final grade for the student.

It's a much longer process on paper, but in reality it's much faster. Why? Notice step 6. Instead of serving up an entire recordset of grades, which has to be passed over a network, the server application is serving up a single number, which is a tiny amount of network traffic in comparison.

There are other advantages to the 3-tier architecture, but that at least gives you a general idea of how it works.

Incidentally, this website is a 3-tier application. The client application is your web browser. The server application is the ASP code which queries the database (the third tier) for the question-and-answer you requested.

I hope that helps!

ANKUR MISHRA

First of all, these two classes are on different levels of abstraction. An InputStream is used for reading any stream of bytes, while a FileReader is used to read characters from a file. If you want to ask between a FileInputStream and a FileReader, then we need to look at what type of data you are reading. If you're reading plain-text file, for example, you want to use a FileReader because it was designed to read in characters. For other types of data, the FileInputStream would be better, as it is used to read in generic streams of bytes from a file.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

A data field is a place where data can be stored. It may be a column in a database or a field in a data entry form.

Class point

Polymorphism.

Instantiate means to create an actual instance of a Class. That is, the creation of an Object of that Class. This allocates memory on the heap for that object. Instantiate creates a unique object of that class, complete with its own copy of any class variables. Thing of a Class as a design spec, which, when instantiated, creates an actual thing of that type. For instance, imagine a set of blueprints detailing how a Ford Focus auto is to be manufactured. This is a Class. When those blueprints are manufactured (instantiated, in Java-speak), the result is a physically unique car. A class can be instantiated hundreds or thousands of times, but each instantiation creates a new and unique object, in the same way the Ford Focus blueprints can result in many individual cars.

In essence, it happens whenever you call:

new <ClassName>();

Your question makes no sense. If you wanted to ask if it is possible to write a C-compiler in another programming language, the answer would be yes.

The only difference between a struct and a class in C++ is that struct members are public by default while class members are private by default. Other than that they act and behave in exactly the same way and are both used to define classes. By convention, struct is used exactly as it would be used in C, with all public members and no member functions, to provide backward compatibility with C-style code.

FlowLayout is the default layout for the AWT (Another Window Toolkit) library. Each component used with a FlowLayout manager will be positioned according to its Component.getPreferredSize() function call (just enough to contain all of its elements by default). Components are arranged from top to bottom and left to right in the default configuration. Components which can contain children components will compute their size as defined by the LayoutManager for that component.

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Pseudocode. It is a cross between English and a programming language, designed to be quickly written and understood without worrying about syntax.

a ^= b;

b ^= a;

a ^= b;

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strictfp forces floating points (and any floating-point operations) to adhere to the IEEE 754 standard. With strictfp, you can predict how your floating points will behave regardless of the underlying platform the JVM is running on. The downside is that if the underlying platform is capable of supporting greater precision, a strictfp method won't be able to take advantage of it.

Java is actually a language.Its not a acronym.It was developed by James Gosling.