Lymphatic System

A large phagocyte that engulfs other cells and is found in lymph nodes and tissues is called a macrophage. Macrophages play a key role in the immune response by engulfing and digesting pathogens, dead cells, and debris to help maintain tissue homeostasis and promote immune defense.

In humans the most abundant Leukocyte is the Neutrophil 62%, then Eosinohpils at 2.3%then Basophils at 0.4% , Monocytes are 5.3% and Lymphocytes are 30%. These percentages are in a normal blood count and can change during active disease process.

Lymphocyte cells are adapted to their function through a process called antigen recognition, where they can identify specific foreign molecules known as antigens. This recognition enables them to mount an immune response by either producing antibodies (B cells) or directly attacking infected cells (T cells). Additionally, lymphocytes undergo a maturation process in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) to ensure they can differentiate between self and non-self molecules.

Phagocytes ingest and break down pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. Once inside the phagocyte, the pathogen is degraded by enzymes and destroyed within specialized compartments called phagolysosomes. The remnants are then eliminated from the body.

The accumulation of fluids in tissues, called edema, can be caused by factors such as inflammation, injury, or impaired circulation. This fluid can enter the lymphatic system through specialized lymphatic vessels, where it becomes lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains waste products and immune cells, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immunity in the body.

The small projection that contains lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum is known the appendix. The full name is actually vermiform appendix which is derived from its appearance which look like a worm.

These immune cells are called phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils. They recognize and engulf foreign particles through a process called phagocytosis, where the invader is enclosed in a vesicle and broken down by enzymes. This is a critical mechanism for removing pathogens and maintaining the body's defense against infections.

The lymphatic system has tissue spread throughout the body to aid in the removal of fluids from cells, transports fatty acids as well as transporting immune cells to the bones. The lymphatic system is the circulatory mechanism for the immune system.

The tissue that contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma belongs to the connective tissue group. This specific tissue is known as blood tissue or vascular tissue.

Phagocytosis
Phagocytes make up three-quarters of the body's white blood cells. They destroy pathogens by engulfing them.
It's called phagocytosis. Macrophages mainly phagocytose the pathogens.

Meiosis and mitosis are different types of cellular reproductions. Meiosis is sexual but mitosis is asexual reproduction. Meiosis and mitosis continue to occur when the immune system produces white blood cells.

Antigens are protein markers on the surface of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foriegn cell or virus. It serves as the first sign of detection to finding a foreign particle and triggers an immune response if it encounters or detects a pathogen.

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Some leukocytes, such as neutrophils, can have segmented nuclei that appear as multiple lobes. These segmented nuclei can give the appearance of multiple nuclei when observed under a microscope. This characteristic is known as polymorphism, and it is a normal feature of certain types of leukocytes.

Memory cells provide faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, aiding in quicker elimination of the threat. This mechanism improves overall immune system efficiency and provides long-term protection against recurrent infections.

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that are made up of various components including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. They also contain specialized structures like lysosomes that help them to engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens in the body.

A lymphoscintigraphy test is commonly used to detect damage or blockage in the lymphatic vessels. This imaging test involves injecting a small amount of radioactive dye into the lymphatic vessels to track the flow of lymphatic fluid. Areas of blockage or damage will show up as abnormal patterns on the scan.

The major organ of the lymphatic system is the spleen. It acts as a filter for blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps to fight infections by producing white blood cells called lymphocytes.

The thymus is the lymphatic organ located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs. It is an important organ for the development and maturation of T-cells, which are crucial for immune function.

Basophils are the rarest type of leukocyte, making up less than 1% of the total white blood cells in circulation. They play a role in allergic reactions and the inflammatory response by releasing histamine and other chemicals.

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that can be quickly broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy for the body. It is stored in muscles and the liver, allowing for rapid access to energy during periods of high activity or low blood sugar. Additionally, glycogen storage does not require water for storage, making it a compact energy source.

in some instances, adherence occurs easily, and the microorganism is readily phagocytized. Microorganisms can be more readily phagocytized if they are first coated with certain serum proteins that promote attachment of the microorganisms to the phagocyte. this process is called opsonization.

basophils. see page 645 in anatomy & physiology 8th

Lymph vessels return intercellular fluid to the bloodstream near the heart, where it becomes part of the blood plasma. This process helps maintain fluid balance in the body and supports the immune system by transporting lymphocytes and other immune cells.

The presence of leukocytes in urine typically indicates inflammation or infection in the urinary tract, while the presence of erythrocytes can suggest bleeding in the urinary system. Further evaluation by a healthcare provider is usually needed to determine the underlying cause of these findings.

The stomach contains enzymes that break down protein.