Lymphatic System

The typical distribution of leukocytes in the blood is approximately 60-70% neutrophils, 20-25% lymphocytes, 3-8% monocytes, 2-4% eosinophils, and 0.5-1% basophils. These percentages can vary depending on factors such as age, infection, and other conditions.

lymphocytes and monocytes

No, these are not phagocytes. Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell in humans, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, that are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. These foreign microorganisms are not phagocytes themselves.

Yes, phagocytes are part of the second line of defense in the immune system. They help to engulf and destroy pathogens that have breached the first line of defense such as the skin and mucous membranes. Examples of phagocytes include macrophages and neutrophils.

Cytokines such as interferrons and interleukins are secreted by the T cell in response to antigen. These chemicals are also secreted by B cells, dendrictic cells and natural killer cells.

These chemicals are signalling agents that modulate (or properly control) the immune response

No, T cells respond to antigens by directly destroying infected cells or by producing cytokines to help coordinate the immune response. Complements are a group of proteins that are part of the innate immune response and are mainly secreted by macrophages and other immune cells to help enhance the immune response.

Two genera that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins are Plasmodium, the genus that causes malaria, and Influenza virus. Both of these pathogens possess mechanisms to rapidly alter their surface proteins (antigens) in order to evade host immune responses.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are marker molecules on cells that the immune system uses to recognize pathogens. MHC molecules present fragments of pathogens on the cell surface to alert immune cells to the presence of the pathogen. This helps the immune system to target and eliminate infected cells.

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by plasma cells in the immune system to target and neutralize infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. These antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of the pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

A large phagocyte that engulfs other cells and is found in lymph nodes and tissues is called a macrophage. Macrophages play a key role in the immune response by engulfing and digesting pathogens, dead cells, and debris to help maintain tissue homeostasis and promote immune defense.

In humans the most abundant Leukocyte is the Neutrophil 62%, then Eosinohpils at 2.3%then Basophils at 0.4% , Monocytes are 5.3% and Lymphocytes are 30%. These percentages are in a normal blood count and can change during active disease process.

Lymphocyte cells are adapted to their function through a process called antigen recognition, where they can identify specific foreign molecules known as antigens. This recognition enables them to mount an immune response by either producing antibodies (B cells) or directly attacking infected cells (T cells). Additionally, lymphocytes undergo a maturation process in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) to ensure they can differentiate between self and non-self molecules.

Phagocytes ingest and break down pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. Once inside the phagocyte, the pathogen is degraded by enzymes and destroyed within specialized compartments called phagolysosomes. The remnants are then eliminated from the body.

The accumulation of fluids in tissues, called edema, can be caused by factors such as inflammation, injury, or impaired circulation. This fluid can enter the lymphatic system through specialized lymphatic vessels, where it becomes lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains waste products and immune cells, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immunity in the body.

The small projection that contains lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum is known the appendix. The full name is actually vermiform appendix which is derived from its appearance which look like a worm.

These immune cells are called phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils. They recognize and engulf foreign particles through a process called phagocytosis, where the invader is enclosed in a vesicle and broken down by enzymes. This is a critical mechanism for removing pathogens and maintaining the body's defense against infections.

The lymphatic system has tissue spread throughout the body to aid in the removal of fluids from cells, transports fatty acids as well as transporting immune cells to the bones. The lymphatic system is the circulatory mechanism for the immune system.

The tissue that contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma belongs to the connective tissue group. This specific tissue is known as blood tissue or vascular tissue.

Phagocytosis
Phagocytes make up three-quarters of the body's white blood cells. They destroy pathogens by engulfing them.
It's called phagocytosis. Macrophages mainly phagocytose the pathogens.

Meiosis and mitosis are different types of cellular reproductions. Meiosis is sexual but mitosis is asexual reproduction. Meiosis and mitosis continue to occur when the immune system produces white blood cells.

Antigens are protein markers on the surface of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foriegn cell or virus. It serves as the first sign of detection to finding a foreign particle and triggers an immune response if it encounters or detects a pathogen.

Hope it helped! :)

Some leukocytes, such as neutrophils, can have segmented nuclei that appear as multiple lobes. These segmented nuclei can give the appearance of multiple nuclei when observed under a microscope. This characteristic is known as polymorphism, and it is a normal feature of certain types of leukocytes.

Memory cells provide faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, aiding in quicker elimination of the threat. This mechanism improves overall immune system efficiency and provides long-term protection against recurrent infections.

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that are made up of various components including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. They also contain specialized structures like lysosomes that help them to engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens in the body.

A lymphoscintigraphy test is commonly used to detect damage or blockage in the lymphatic vessels. This imaging test involves injecting a small amount of radioactive dye into the lymphatic vessels to track the flow of lymphatic fluid. Areas of blockage or damage will show up as abnormal patterns on the scan.