Lymphatic System

Compromised immune systems are not able to effectively defend the body against infections and illnesses. This can lead to frequent and severe infections, increased susceptibility to diseases, and difficulties in recovering from illnesses. It is important for individuals with compromised immune systems to take extra precautions to stay healthy.

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) is the name for the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) found in humans.  MHC class I molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) are found on pretty much all cells (some important exceptions are red blood cells).  MHC Class II molecules (HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DR) are found on special antigen presenting cells, which include B-lymphocytes, dentritic cells, and macrophages.

This statement is not accurate. The immune system is designed to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders, such as microorganisms. It targets and attacks only those that are recognized as harmful, while leaving healthy cells untouched.

White blood cells are produced by the body in response to an abnormal organism inside the body. An increased WBC count would then indicate infection, with an increase in specific types of WBCs indicating different types of infections.

This process is called cell-mediated immunity. T cells, specifically cytotoxic T cells, recognize and destroy cells that are infected with a pathogen or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. This immune response is crucial for clearing infections and providing immunity against future exposures to the same antigen.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with a segmented nucleus are also known as neutrophils. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by attacking and destroying pathogens.

Foreign invaders are marked by antigens on their surface, which attracts phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils. These phagocytes recognize the antigens as non-self and engulf the invaders through a process called phagocytosis, helping to remove them from the body.

If the immune system stopped working, the body would be unable to defend itself against infections from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This could result in severe illness, increased susceptibility to common infections, and increased risk of developing serious diseases.

Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response

I think this is talking about the physical barriers that stop a foreign substance from entering the body. Mucous, skin, hair... those are physical barriers that stop foreign substances from entering the body.

Activates T and B cells in response to an infection

There are two types of T cells, helper cells which help B cells, and Killer Cells which kill foreign substances. The T cells are activated when a phagocyte eats a foreign substance and takes it to the spleen to identify what the foreign substance is. The T cells make an antigen that binds to the foreign substance so the B cells can "kill" the foreign invader.

Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent

Sam process except it is more faster then previously. The immune system creates memory B cells that remember the foreign substance and it begins immune responses to fight off the infectious agent.

Distinguishes self from non self

It is all about the antigens. If the person has an antibody for a flu or something, it will fight that flu that has the antigen for the flu. If it has an antibody for something that is self that is called an autoimmune response which is not good at all.

These are macrophages, a type of immune cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and debris. They are found in tissues throughout the body and play a critical role in the immune response by recognizing and eliminating foreign invaders.

Erythrocyte is not a type of leukocyte; it is a type of red blood cell responsible for carrying oxygen. Leukocytes include monocytes and basophils, which are different types of white blood cells involved in the immune response.

chemical signals released by damaged cells, such as cytokines and chemokines. These signals act as a beacon for phagocytes, directing them to the site of injury to help clear away debris and fight off infections.

The immune system's ability to recognize and resist specific foreign substances is determined by the unique set of proteins on the surface of cells called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules present antigens to immune cells, which stimulate the immune response. The immune system can only respond to antigens that are recognized by MHC molecules.

Both Heparin and Histamine are released by basophils and mast cells. These cells are very similar, but mast cells are found on mucous membranes (connective tissue) and basophils are white blood cells that travel in the blood in the circulatory system.

Staining leukocytes helps differentiate between different types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Counting these cells allows for the assessment of their relative proportions and absolute numbers, which can provide valuable information about a person's immune system function and potential underlying health conditions. Identifying both mature and immature forms of leukocytes can also aid in diagnosing specific disorders, such as leukemia.

The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen, and tonsils. It helps maintain fluid balance in the body, transports immune cells, and filters and eliminates waste and toxins from the body. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in fighting infections and diseases by producing antibodies and carrying lymphocytes.

The typical distribution of leukocytes in the blood is approximately 60-70% neutrophils, 20-25% lymphocytes, 3-8% monocytes, 2-4% eosinophils, and 0.5-1% basophils. These percentages can vary depending on factors such as age, infection, and other conditions.

lymphocytes and monocytes

No, these are not phagocytes. Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell in humans, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, that are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. These foreign microorganisms are not phagocytes themselves.

Yes, phagocytes are part of the second line of defense in the immune system. They help to engulf and destroy pathogens that have breached the first line of defense such as the skin and mucous membranes. Examples of phagocytes include macrophages and neutrophils.

Cytokines such as interferrons and interleukins are secreted by the T cell in response to antigen. These chemicals are also secreted by B cells, dendrictic cells and natural killer cells.

These chemicals are signalling agents that modulate (or properly control) the immune response

No, T cells respond to antigens by directly destroying infected cells or by producing cytokines to help coordinate the immune response. Complements are a group of proteins that are part of the innate immune response and are mainly secreted by macrophages and other immune cells to help enhance the immune response.

Two genera that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins are Plasmodium, the genus that causes malaria, and Influenza virus. Both of these pathogens possess mechanisms to rapidly alter their surface proteins (antigens) in order to evade host immune responses.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are marker molecules on cells that the immune system uses to recognize pathogens. MHC molecules present fragments of pathogens on the cell surface to alert immune cells to the presence of the pathogen. This helps the immune system to target and eliminate infected cells.

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by plasma cells in the immune system to target and neutralize infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. These antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of the pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.