Lymphatic System

Cells of the immune system, such as T and B lymphocytes, recognize and respond to foreign invaders, called antigens, by producing specific antibodies or initiating cell-mediated responses. After the initial immune response, memory cells are formed, which help maintain a faster and stronger response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen. This process of evoking and maintaining an immune response is crucial for protecting the body against pathogens and maintaining immunity.

If your immune system stopped working, your body would be unable to defend itself against infections and diseases. This could lead to severe illnesses, recurring infections, and even life-threatening conditions. It is crucial for the immune system to function properly to protect your overall health.

The condition described is likely leukemia, a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and leads to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Leukemia can affect different types of white blood cells and disrupt the normal balance of blood cell production, leading to symptoms like fatigue, infections, and abnormal bleeding. Treatment for leukemia usually involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplants, or a combination of these approaches.

This is known as lymphangioma. It is a benign tumor made up of lymphatic vessels that can appear as a mass or swelling, commonly found in the head and neck region in children. Treatment may include observation, surgical removal, or other interventions depending on the size and location of the lymphangioma.

Yes, leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are nucleated which means they contain a nucleus. This nucleus contains genetic material and plays a role in various cellular functions such as cell division and gene expression.

The type of agranular leukocyte with a kidney-shaped nucleus is a monocyte. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response by engulfing pathogens and debris. They can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells when they migrate to tissues.

The thymus matures T lymphocytes (T cells) which identify foreign antigens. This is also where T cells that would be able to bond with self-antigens (would attack the bodies healthy cells) are weeded out and destroyed.

Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system that help recognize and neutralize harmful pathogens like bacteria and viruses. They bind to specific antigens on the surface of these microorganisms, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

called chemotaxis. Chemicals released from damaged cells act as signals that guide leukocytes to the site of injury or infection, helping to initiate the inflammatory response and target the source of damage for immune defense and repair.

Compromised immune systems are not able to effectively defend the body against infections and illnesses. This can lead to frequent and severe infections, increased susceptibility to diseases, and difficulties in recovering from illnesses. It is important for individuals with compromised immune systems to take extra precautions to stay healthy.

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) is the name for the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) found in humans.  MHC class I molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) are found on pretty much all cells (some important exceptions are red blood cells).  MHC Class II molecules (HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DR) are found on special antigen presenting cells, which include B-lymphocytes, dentritic cells, and macrophages.

This statement is not accurate. The immune system is designed to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders, such as microorganisms. It targets and attacks only those that are recognized as harmful, while leaving healthy cells untouched.

White blood cells are produced by the body in response to an abnormal organism inside the body. An increased WBC count would then indicate infection, with an increase in specific types of WBCs indicating different types of infections.

This process is called cell-mediated immunity. T cells, specifically cytotoxic T cells, recognize and destroy cells that are infected with a pathogen or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. This immune response is crucial for clearing infections and providing immunity against future exposures to the same antigen.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with a segmented nucleus are also known as neutrophils. They are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by attacking and destroying pathogens.

Foreign invaders are marked by antigens on their surface, which attracts phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils. These phagocytes recognize the antigens as non-self and engulf the invaders through a process called phagocytosis, helping to remove them from the body.

If the immune system stopped working, the body would be unable to defend itself against infections from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This could result in severe illness, increased susceptibility to common infections, and increased risk of developing serious diseases.

Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response

I think this is talking about the physical barriers that stop a foreign substance from entering the body. Mucous, skin, hair... those are physical barriers that stop foreign substances from entering the body.

Activates T and B cells in response to an infection

There are two types of T cells, helper cells which help B cells, and Killer Cells which kill foreign substances. The T cells are activated when a phagocyte eats a foreign substance and takes it to the spleen to identify what the foreign substance is. The T cells make an antigen that binds to the foreign substance so the B cells can "kill" the foreign invader.

Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent

Sam process except it is more faster then previously. The immune system creates memory B cells that remember the foreign substance and it begins immune responses to fight off the infectious agent.

Distinguishes self from non self

It is all about the antigens. If the person has an antibody for a flu or something, it will fight that flu that has the antigen for the flu. If it has an antibody for something that is self that is called an autoimmune response which is not good at all.

These are macrophages, a type of immune cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and debris. They are found in tissues throughout the body and play a critical role in the immune response by recognizing and eliminating foreign invaders.

Erythrocyte is not a type of leukocyte; it is a type of red blood cell responsible for carrying oxygen. Leukocytes include monocytes and basophils, which are different types of white blood cells involved in the immune response.

chemical signals released by damaged cells, such as cytokines and chemokines. These signals act as a beacon for phagocytes, directing them to the site of injury to help clear away debris and fight off infections.

The immune system's ability to recognize and resist specific foreign substances is determined by the unique set of proteins on the surface of cells called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC molecules present antigens to immune cells, which stimulate the immune response. The immune system can only respond to antigens that are recognized by MHC molecules.

Both Heparin and Histamine are released by basophils and mast cells. These cells are very similar, but mast cells are found on mucous membranes (connective tissue) and basophils are white blood cells that travel in the blood in the circulatory system.

Staining leukocytes helps differentiate between different types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Counting these cells allows for the assessment of their relative proportions and absolute numbers, which can provide valuable information about a person's immune system function and potential underlying health conditions. Identifying both mature and immature forms of leukocytes can also aid in diagnosing specific disorders, such as leukemia.

The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen, and tonsils. It helps maintain fluid balance in the body, transports immune cells, and filters and eliminates waste and toxins from the body. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in fighting infections and diseases by producing antibodies and carrying lymphocytes.