Nervous System

Coffee contains caffeine, a natural stimulant that works by blocking the neurotransmitter adenosine in the brain. This leads to increased neuronal firing, the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, and a temporary boost in alertness and energy levels.

Synapses are important because they enable signal transmission in the body. These signals are the nerve impulses, which go across and between neurons. This process occurs in the synaptic cleft of the central nervous system.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the neurotransmitter that stimulates the fight or flight response. It is released from the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger, preparing the body for a quick and intense reaction to a threatening situation.

The somatic nervous system transmits sensory messages to the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system is a sub group of the peripheral nervous system, it mainly controls voluntary muscles and sense organs.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released in the synaptic cleft and goes over the sarcolemma down the tubule and promotes the release of calcium from the sarcoreticulum which then binds to proteins on actin which exposes binding spots for myosin to attach to and powerstroke causing muscle contraction.
movement, learning, memory, and sleep.

The two nuclei of the Facial nerve in the pons are the motor nucleus (located in the lower pons) which controls the muscles of facial expression, and the superior salivatory nucleus (located in the upper pons) which regulates salivary gland secretions.

reaches a certain threshold level of depolarization, typically around -55 mV. This threshold is reached when excitatory signals outweigh inhibitory signals received by the neuron. Once the threshold is reached, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing a rapid influx of sodium ions and causing depolarization of the cell membrane, leading to an action potential.

The primary stimulus that informs the biological clock is light. Light is detected by specialized cells in the retina of the eye, which then send signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

The 3 subsystems of the Nervous System are the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which includes nerves outside the CNS, and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

The cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.

Interneurons typically have the shortest axons in the nervous system. They are responsible for processing information and signaling between sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.

The myelin sheath, which is made of fatty tissue wrapped around the axon, helps to speed up the transmission of the action potential by insulating the axon and allowing the action potential to jump between the nodes of Ranvier. This process is known as saltatory conduction and helps to increase the speed of signal transmission in neurons.

In the nervous system, permissive action refers to one neurotransmitter enhancing the effect of another neurotransmitter. This occurs when one neurotransmitter prepares receptors to be more responsive to another neurotransmitter, allowing for a more amplified response.

The somatic nervous system issues somatic motor commands that control voluntary muscle movements in the body. These commands are sent from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, allowing for purposeful physical actions such as walking, reaching, and speaking.

No, calcium itself is not a neurotransmitter BUT it is highly important in the process of the action potential. The action potential triggers the influx of calcium at the end of the terminal bouton, causing the influx of Ca2+ into the cell and this triggers for the release of the neurotransmitter. :)

Vitamin A is responsible for the synthesis of rhodopsin, which is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the retina. Rhodopsin plays a crucial role in the process of vision in low-light conditions.

The respiratory system works to bring oxygen into the body through inhalation and transport it to the muscles via the bloodstream. The circulatory system then delivers oxygenated blood to the muscles and removes carbon dioxide produced during exercise. Together, these systems help maintain adequate oxygen levels for the runner's muscles during physical activity.

These symptoms could indicate a seizure, which is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and appropriate treatment options.

The olfactory epithelium, located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, is responsible for receiving the stimulus for smell. It contains specialized sensory neurons that detect odor molecules in the air.

The human brain belongs to the nervous system.

Yes, during the fight or flight response, the brain releases stress hormones like adrenaline, which can lead to increased alertness, focus, and the ability to react quickly to potential threats. This heightened state of arousal helps prepare the body to respond to danger.

The NMDA channel allows calcium and sodium ions to enter the nerve cell in response to glutamate binding. These ions play key roles in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.

Every time neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron it generates an excitatory post synaptic potential(EPSP) in the postsynaptic neuron. When the EPSP is greater than the threshold for excitation an action potential is generated.

In myelinated axons, the voltage gated sodium ions are located along the nodes of Ranvier, the exposed places between the myelin segments. The gates here, however, are not particularly more concentrated than on other un-myelinated axons.

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No, neuroglia cells cannot transmit action potentials. They provide support and insulation to neurons, helping in their functions. Action potentials are transmitted through the neurons themselves.