Nuclear Physics

The electron field.

After completing his graduate studies at the University of Chicago he joined the Manhattan Project and became the assistant Director of the Metallurgical Laboratory.

So far, only one reactor has successfully produced more energy than was expended, and that one is in California. But 23 countries currently have experimental reactors: USA, Canada, China, Japan, Australia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, South Korea, the European Union, the Czech Republic, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, and Sweden.

The most important contribution of Werner Heisenberg was the discovery of the uncertainty principle.

it absorbs almost all the emitted radiations

1. First cause: the atomic weight is the sum of the weights of protons, neutrons ans electrons.; they don't have masses as integers.

2. Second cause: also occurs the so-called mass defect.

Note: no atomic masses for elements but atomic weights is correct.

Using the formula for radioactive decay, and the given carbon 14 ratio of 0.712, we can calculate the age of the cloth to be approximately 2300 years old. This is obtained by taking the natural logarithm of the ratio, multiplying by the half-life of carbon 14, and negating the final result.

Nuclear taboo refers to the widespread societal norm or belief that using nuclear weapons is morally reprehensible and should be avoided at all costs. This norm has contributed to a decrease in the use of nuclear weapons since World War II, due to the fear of the devastating consequences and potential escalation of conflicts.

The symbol of gamma rays is γ.
Between the initial atom and the daughter atom from decay an arrow (→) is placed.

The Higgs boson first arose after a process called electroweak-symmetry breaking, which is a bit technical to explain in detail.

Basically, the current theories for particle physics state that at a certain energy level (higher than we can reach at the moment) the electromagnetic force merges with the weak nuclear force. Below this energy level (or temperature) the two forces are distinct. You can view this as a phase transition, and the Higgs boson is a by product of it.

This phase transition should have taken place mere seconds after the big bang, so if they exist (they haven't been experimentally verified), they have been present since almost the very start of the Universe.

No, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not detected the theorized Higgs boson. The LHC was shut down because of some technical difficulties, and it's finally up and running. We're still waiting for results. Fermilab was working on finding the Higgs, but lacks the power to deliver the kinds of acceleration required to set up conditions under which this predicted particle might appear. Links are provided below, and are updated fastidiously.

The color force is another term for the strong nuclear force. (It doesn't have anything to do with actual colors.) Basically, the color force is the force binding two (or more) quarks together; it's mediated by the exchange of gauge particles called gluons. A quark will change color from, say, "red" to "green" by emitting a red-antigreen gluon, which can be absorbed by a "green" quark (which will then change to "red").

An alpha particle is identical to the nucleus of Helium atom

The development of the hydrogen bomb in 1954 escalated tensions during the Cold War by intensifying the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The increased destructive power of the hydrogen bomb raised the stakes in the nuclear arms race, leading to a heightened sense of fear and insecurity in both countries. This development contributed to the already existing climate of distrust and competition between the two superpowers.

The nuclear reactions going on in the heart of the Sun.

Particle accelerators were first developed by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest T. S. Walton in 1932

Gravity acts infinitely from a mathematical point of view, but there are some practical considerations. Gravity acts in proportion to the square of the distance over which it operates. An object that is a given distance from another one has "x" amount of gravimetric force acting on it. Cut the distance in half and there will be four times (22) the force. Double the distance between them and only one fourth (1/22) the force will be felt. At ten times farther apart, 1/102 or 1/100th the force will be felt. The changes are exponential, and it won't be long before there is almost nothing acting on two objects separated by a huge distance. Picture a universe with absolutely nothing in it. Nothing at all. Now put two bowling balls in the empty universe, and put them in a hundred light years apart. Each would know the other was there, each would feel the other one, but the force pulling them together would be understood only in terms of a mathematical operation. How long would it be before any detectable movement could be observed?

First nuclear weapon test was October 9, 2006. Last nuclear test was September 3, 2017. SORRY IF THIS DOES NOT HELP

Technically, "cosmic rays" are high-energy particles rather than electromagnetic radiation. So no, they are not a type of light.

See this link.

it radioactive you just can't flush it down the toilet

Probably because they are produced in one place, and need to be used at another place.

The decay is: Th-230-------------Ra-226 + He-4

It depends on the element. Different elements and isotopes of elements have differing half lives. You need to specify which one you are referring to.