Nuclear Physics

Alpha particles are not visible to the naked eye as they are subatomic particles. They are positively charged and have low penetrating power, so they can be stopped by a piece of paper or a few centimeters of air. Detection of alpha particles typically requires specialized equipment.

Helium-3 can be found on the moon and has the potential to be used in nuclear fusion reactors. It is an ideal fuel source due to its abundance on the moon and its efficiency in producing energy through fusion reactions.

First, you ask your mom if she does not know ask your dad(if You are living with him) if he does not know as your gradparents then if they dont know Your WHOLE fanil is some DUMB Bi..ches

Short answer: Yes.

Long answer: Yes, it is possible for particles to travel through a medium (not a vacuum!) faster than light can travel through that medium (not a vacuum!), which gives rise to Cherenkov radiation.

Tachyons - a type of superluminal particle that is theorized but has never been observed - should be able to travel faster than light, but they would not be able to travel at or below light speed.

Having redundancy and diversity in nuclear reactors helps to improve safety and minimize the risk of accidents. Redundancy ensures that critical systems have backups in case of failures, while diversity involves using different designs or technologies to provide additional layers of protection. This helps to maintain the integrity of the reactor and prevent the potential for catastrophic events.

The nuclear chain reaction is controlled using neutron absorbing control rods containing boron, and in PWR's by also using soluble boron when necessary. Nuclear engineers use a term called reactivity, which just means the surplus of neutrons from one generation to another, and in steady operation this is zero. During the fission reactions fission products are produced, some of these are neutron absorbers like Xenon131, and their concentration changes with power changes, so that adjustments with the control rods are necessary following such changes. On start-up with new fuel for example it takes some hours before equilibrium xenon is reached, and if power has to be reduced the xenon rises again as a delayed action, so enough control to overcome the increased poisoning has to retained, or the reactor will shut itself down. The reactivity with new fuel loaded is higher than at the end of the fuel life, and this is where boric acid added to the reactor water circuit is useful.

The reactor power (neutron flux level) is constantly monitored with instruments so that the control room staff know what is happening and can respond. In addition automatic safety circuits are triggered if there is an increase in flux beyond a certain point which the operators don't react to, and this inserts the control rods fully (scram or trip) which shuts the reactor down and holds it down. So there is no chance of a runaway.

Any nuclear reaction produce radiation hazard and should be guarded against by proper shielding.

Alpha and Beta Radiation are types of ionizing radiation. They are both charged particles though Alpha is heavier than the particle Beta.

Examples of unwanted radioactive byproducts from the nuclear energy industry include radioactive waste like spent fuel rods and contaminated materials such as clothing or equipment. These byproducts are typically stored in specialized facilities to prevent harm to humans and the environment. Proper disposal and long-term management of these radioactive substances are crucial to minimize potential risks.

Alpha particles can penetrate a thin slice of mica due to their high energy and large mass. However, the extent to which they can pass through will depend on the thickness of the mica. Thicker slices of mica will offer more resistance to the penetration of alpha particles.

Radioactive isotopes are important because they can be used as tracers in medicine and industry, and in dating rocks and fossils. The concept of half-life is important because it allows scientists to predict how long it will take for a radioactive material to decay to half its original amount, which is crucial for understanding processes like nuclear decay and radioactive dating.

Alpha particles add two protons and two neutrons to an element during radioactive decay, while beta particles add no neutrons and subtract one proton during decay. An alpha particle is also equivalent to a helium nucleus.

Their uses are plentiful, but perhaps the most noted is their use in X-ray scans at hospitals. When a beta particle is streamed at lead (Pb), x-rays are emmited. This also works with tungsten (W).

The rate of reactions in a nuclear reactor is regulated by control rods made of materials like boron or cadmium, which absorb neutrons and help control the nuclear fission process. By adjusting the position of these control rods, operators can control the rate of reactions and the amount of heat produced in the reactor.

Electrons can exist only in certain allowed discrete energy states/ Photon absorption and emission are the result of transitions between energy states/ Electrons with more energy have orbits further from the nucleus

Control rods, made of materials like boron or cadmium, are inserted into the reactor core to absorb excess neutrons and regulate the nuclear chain reaction. By adjusting the position of these control rods, operators can control the rate of fission reactions and manage the amount of heat and energy produced in the reactor.

Nuclear fusion takes place under conditions of extreme temperature and pressure, such as those found in the core of stars like the Sun. These conditions are necessary to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged atomic nuclei and fuse them together to release energy.

the age of rocks and fossils by measuring the decay of radioactive elements within them. This helps geologists understand the timeline of Earth's history and the process of its geological development.

Doubling the distance between yourself and a radiation source will result in you experiencing 1/4th the radiation to which you were exposed in your original position. It's the square of the distance rule.

The Geiger-Marsden experiment by Rutherford's assistants used a variety of metal foils, among them iron and aluminum, to provide a thin, uniform electrostatic field*, through which alpha particles should have been able to pass with little effect. But the relatively large, heavy, and positively-charged gold nuclei substantially deflected a few alpha particles, indicating that the mass of an atom was mostly concentrated in its center, with an electron cloud occupying otherwise empty space around it.

* The greater the thickness of the material used, the more the alpha particles might be slowed, and they had to reach the detectors around the foil in sufficient numbers and with sufficient energy to trigger the counters.

The reason 235U is used in nuclear reactors as a fuel is because it supports an increasing-rate nuclear (fission) chain reaction; it is fissile. It will release neutrons when it fissions, and these neutrons, if they can be slowed a bit, will cause more 235U atoms to fission and a chain will quickly build. This isotope of uranium is capable of crating a sustainable nuclear chain reaction with the least "tinkering" as regards geometry, moderators and other reactor components or systems. A link will be found below to the Wikipedia post this isotope of uranium.

Plutonium is especially an alpha particles emitter.

Fission is important for splitting atoms because it releases a large amount of energy. This energy can be harnessed for various purposes, such as generating electricity in nuclear power plants or powering nuclear weapons. Fission also plays a crucial role in the creation of nuclear reactors for research and medical applications.

No

Alpha radiation is essentially a helium nucleus - a couple of protons and neutrons bound together as a particle

Beta radiation is an electron or positron - still a particle but not the same kind of particle as alpha.

Whwn an alpha particle is lost we lose 2units of +ve charges and 4 units of mass no.

So we are left with mass no.(M-4) and charge (C-2)

M=initial mass no.

C=initial charge

Here 1 unit of charge used is= 1*1.6*10^-19 coulomb

These things might block the majority of alpha and beta particles as they are not very much penetrating but the gamma radiations won't be blocked by these.

To block gamma radiations, we need things like lead walls because gamma particles' are

extremely penetrating.