Nuclear Weapons

There were actually many, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, United Kindom, I believe France, and the United States. In addition, Israel was also widely believed to have developed or received hydrogen bombs from the United States both now and today.

Nuclear waste can be divided into two types, high level, and low level.

Low level nuclear waste is materials that have been exposed to nuclear materials, such as tritiated water, pieces of contaminated clothing, contaminated tools, materials that have been in the nuclear reactor or with the high level waste, earth that has had contaminated water soak into it, and so on. Some of these are stored at the plant, and others are shipped off to low level waste storage facilities. They are separated according to need. Some may need to be stored for a period of decades or centuries while the materials in them decays, and others may need to be stored for centuries.

High level waste needs to cool off before anything can be done with it, so when it is removed from a reactor, it is put into a spent fuel pool where it is cooled with water while the short term isotopes in it decay to the point that they do not give off too much heat. This takes several years. At that point, the waste may be moved to what is called dry cask storage, where it is held until someone decides what to do with it on a more permanent basis.

Some countries allow waste to be reprocessed and some do not. The United States does not, and since no one has figured out how to store waste over a long term, the waste accumulates at the plants that produced it. This is not a good solution because the plants are nearly all sitting on the shore or on river or lake banks, where they are exposed to some degree.

The French have been very aggressive with reprocessing nuclear waste, and do it for a number of other countries. This is fine, except that the reprocessing has its own set of possibilities of disaster, the very reason the United States does not allow reprocessing.

There are technologies being developed, such as energy amplifiers or accelerator driven systems, that may be able to use the nuclear waste as an energy source, reducing it to radiologically inert material in the process. We do not know if this will work.

White phosphorus is often used in smoke grenades and artillery shells to create smoke screens on the battlefield, making it an incendiary substance. It is not used in atomic or nuclear warheads where the main destructive force comes from nuclear fission or fusion reactions.

One cycle of fission takes 10ns, the explosion completes in about 1us, that gives 100 cycles of fission. Each fission releases 2 to 3 neutrons. Assuming that every neutron released in those 100 cycles triggers another fission and that the reaction is started by one neutron the range of fissions during the explosion is 2100 to 3100 fissions. This is 1.2676e+30 to 5.1537e+47 fissions. That is quite a few moles of fissile material.

• some are dropped from planes
• some are shot from artillery pieces
• some are launched on rockets
• some are thrown overboard by depth bomb launchers from ships
• some are buried as landmines
• some are fired as torpedos by submarines
• etc.

Nuclear torpedos? Absolutely, both US and Soviets armed their attack subs with them. There were also nuclear depth charges, nuclear land mines, nuclear demolition charges, jeep carried recoilless rifles with nuclear warheads, nuclear artillery shells (from 16 inch naval shells down to standard 4 inch howitzer size), and probably many other things we can't even find out about.

You can deviate away from the rules when someone else does it first.

nuclear weapons cause war because when one uses a nuclear weapon it will kill everyone in range and then all hell has broken through. soz if this is not the explanation you were looking for.

turkey

Yes. But what was your question? There are many issues here.

I suggest the 1948 Radiological Defense 4 volume set. See if your library can get all 4 volumes on interlibrary loan (don't accept less, all mine could get was 2 so I had to buy them)! It covers many of these issues.

In war, never.

At the Trinity site in New Mexico. Now part of the White Sands Test area. The first used in war was at Hiroshima Japan.

I think the use of nuclear weapons should be banned. They are to powerful and to many of them are out there. There are enough known nukes total to kill more than 5 times the actual amount of people in the world.

The very first nuclear reactor was Chicago Pile 1. It was built for research and scientific use. The first nuclear reactor outside of a university was built (at Hanford, Washington) primarily to yield plutonium for the atomic bomb destined for Nagasaki, Japan.

Nuclear reactors were built primarily for electrical generation beginning in about 1951.

Of course not, the only known radiological materials that could have been weaponized at the time were Radium and Polonium, and they cost millions of dollars per milligram. Uranium fission was 2 decades away before it was discovered.

1. MK-III Gadget
2. MK-I Little Boy
3. MK-III Fat Man
4. Another MK-III was completed 4 days after the Japanese surrender, it was not used.

Is any weapon illegal in war? Not if someone can rationalize its use in the given conditions and it helps them win such that they can't be tried in a court convened by the winners as war criminals for using it. History is almost always written by the ones who won the war to make them look good and the losers bad.

According to the Geneva Convention, which existed before World War I, the uses of chemical and biological weapons were deemed illegal. Therefore, mustard gas, nerve gas, and any other type of similar chemical weapon was illegal. (This did not restrict their use, however, as both sides used notoriously high quantities of these.)

After WW2, as the cold war built up, many people built fallout shelters. They were good for other things besides nuclear war, ranging from a tornado shelter to a wine cellar.

No. The Netherlands have not tested or developed nuclear weapons.

The US was almost always ahead of the USSR, however our intelligence was so bad we often suspected we were behind and initiated expensive weapons production programs to make up the perceived gap.

Bikini atoll

very. just let things get really dicey and watch what happens.

as for nukes...the same way i feel about carrying a firearm...

"it is better to have one and not need it than to need it and not

have it".

They got a 25 kill-streak

War fear that the Nazis would do it first - then there would be no chance to stop them.

1945