0
Particle Physics
Relatively recent experimental results have confirmed what philosophers throughout history had theorized all along; that all matter is made up of elementary particles. Those curious about this cutting-edge field of physics known as particle physics should post their questions here, including those about fundamental particles, fundamental forces, Grand Unified Theories, and the extraordinary devices that have been or need to be engineered to research them.
3,842 Questions
How many protons does -1 of bromine have?
A bromine atom normally has 35 protons. With a charge of -1, it means one electron has been gained, making it 36 protons and 36 electrons.
50 W * (1 kW/1000 W) * (10 hr/day) = 0.5 kW-hr/day
Assuming 30 days/mo.--> 0.5 kw-hr/day*(30 day/month) = 15 kW-hr/month
What happens when you place a proton next to another proton?
1) they will repel each other, just like any other two positively charged objects.
2) if close enough, they will attract each other due to the strong nuclear force.
Two protons, however, are not a sufficiently combination to form a nucleus -- there must be at least one (preferably two) neutrons added to allow the two protons to stay close.
Why is a neutron needed to make this combination stable? We're not sure.
Why does an electron have mass but does not have an diameter?
It has no diameter because it is a point particle (it has nothing inside it). It has mass because the mass has been measured experimentally. If this is hard to imagine, science has lots more concepts even harder.
What does the world's largest particle accelerator hope to accomplish?
The world's largest particle accelerator is used to accelerate particles to extremely high energies at which they can undergo collisions which, it is hoped, will produce previously unseen kinds of results which will shed light on currently mysterious or unanswered questions about particle physics, thereby increasing human knowledge and our understanding of the way the universe works on a very deep, fundamental level.
What holds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus that is three words?
That would be the "strong nuclear force".
How many electron volts are there in one joules?
1 eV is 1.6x10-19 Joules.
So, 1 Joule is 1 / 1.6x10-19 eV
What theories are supported by string theory?
The theory of extra dimensions, infinite universes, the theory where the Big Bang occurred when a membrane of a different dimension crashed into our membrane, gravitons, the theory that gravity seems weakest because gravitons, (open superstrings) can leak through other dimensions and universes. But the problem was that there were 6 theories, but later they found out that the 6 theories were 6 different point of view of the real theory of everything: M-Theory
How many protons electrons and valence elecrons does neon have?
Neon's atomic number is 10. Thus, neutral neon has 10 protons and 10 electrons. Since neon is a noble gas, it has 8 valence electrons.
Why did American Indians put an ear to the ground to hear an enemy coming?
They can discern the vibrations of horses in the distance, estimate how many there are as well as the speed of travel.
What is the name of the author and novel from which the word quark was taken?
Finnegan's Wake by James Joyce
What is Qcd in mathematical terms?
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a non-abelian gauge theory that describes the strong nuclear force which binds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other subatomic particles. These quarks interact via the exchange of gluons, the force carriers of the strong force, and the theory is governed by the SU(3) color symmetry group.
I linked an article below that describes a rather unscientific theory of mass extinction resulting from a so-called "Neutrino Bomb;" one of the effects caused by a "silent" stellar collapse.
However, if you're inquiring about what a neutrino bomb would be as an actual, explosive device, continue reading.
I suppose a neutrino bomb, if such a thing were even remotely possible, would be a bomb that either a) released an incredible amount of neutrinos in an attempt to induce an irreversible amount of damage to the human body from the increased number of ionized radiation events, or b) produced enough neutrino-antineutrino annihilation events to actually cause damage from the energy released from those events.
The absurdity of both of those ideas is so extreme, that I actually had a difficult time typing them out. To understand why, consider the following:
a) Around 65 billion neutrinos, from the sun alone mind you, pass through every square centimeter of your body every second. However, only about 2 or 3 of those neutrinos will actually react inside of your body throughout your entire life.
b) The amount of lead (Pb) that would be needed to react with even half of the neutrinos passing through it, would need to be a light year long in the direction that the neutrino was traveling; that's 10 trillion kilometers.
c) Those incredibly large neutrino detectors that were built to experimentally show that neutrinos have mass (see linked picture) only observed 10 or so neutrino reactions a day, and that's after they were maximized for detection in every conceivable way.
d) Assuming that neutrinos and antineutrinos are different particles (we still don't know), and assuming that a substance was created that was dense enough to produce multiple neutrino-antineutrino annihilation events (not a single annihilation event has ever been observed, by the way), the amount of energy that each of the resultant gamma rays would have from each annihilation reaction would be around 1 MeV. For the sake of comparison, the radioactive isotope, 40K, that is found inside every single person on Earth, releases four hundred 1.5 MeV gamma rays per second inside the human body. Those gamma rays do an undetectable amount of damage, if any damage at all, to the human body throughout its entire lifespan, so it's highly unlikely that the few neutrino-antineutrino annihilation events that would happen from the bomb, if any would happen at all, would be very harmful.
Hardly, since the hardly ever interact with matter, and don't have much energy.
Do molecules bond together to form electrons?
No, atoms do not bond to form electrons because electrons cannot be "formed" in this manner. Instead, bonds are formed when atoms share the electrons they possesses. Each atom wants to gain a full octet of electrons in its outermost shell. Until the atom has eight, it cannot be happy and remains "unstable." So, through the process of bonding, an atom will share its valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) with another atom. This way, each atom can satisfy its octet and be happy.
Does a neutron star contain electrons?
Neutron stars are made almost entirely of neutrons. These neutrons are formed when the star implodes, causing the orbiting electrons of the atoms to interact with the protons in the nucleus. So, it is safe to say that neutron stars contain no electron.
when the 2 Hydrogen nuclei fuse, one of the protons is changed to a neutron via beta + decay, this produces an atom of Deuterium, a positron (beta + particle) and a neutrino. This positron will only travel a short distance before contacting an electron and annihilating each other to convert their masses and kinetic energies into the energy of the photons.
The electron is most probably a free electron, as the high temperatures involved in Nuclear fusion would have provided enough energy to ionise electrons from their parent atom.
Is the quark both a fact and a fiction?
No, the quark is not both fact and fiction. It is fact. The six quarks have all been observed in the results of particle accelerator experiments (collisions) in high energy physics laboratories.
